The Message in Spike Lee’s Movie Do the Right Thing Essay -- Movies Fi

The Message in Spike Lees video Do the Right ThingIn an attempt to enlighten audiences with a powerful message about the cancer that hate and violence can pay off to a society writer, director, Spike Lee brings Do the Right Thing to the screen. Fusing a powerful story with creative film making, Lee gives us an insiders look at life on a blistering summer day in Brooklyn. To create an atmosphere that both looks and almost literally determines equivalent possibly the hottest day of the year, Lee uses orange and yellow filters throughout the film. Objects, as well as people seem to glisten in the light. Even scenes ginger nut indoors have beams of light coming through windows and doors. The use of lighting is only one technique Lee uses to create a realistic feel for this film, which is pertinent w...

Dian Fossey Essay -- essays research papers

Dian FosseyDian Fossey to me was a precise mysterious, somewhat helpful and kind of troublemaking person. She seemed very adventurous and fun hardly she was also very serious. When it came to her mull she was always serious. Dian Fossey studied gorillas. To me it is amazing how seriously she took that job. She did everything she could to protect those gorillas. I think the gorillas brought her happiness but also sadness, and other emotional problems. Dian Fossey lived up on a mountain by her self for a number of years. That begins to have an effect on you as well. It was very lonely up there on the mountain. She got a nickname rom her lifestyle, she was called "Nyirmachabelli", which means the woman who lives alone on the mountain. Poor Dian Fossey became an alcoholic up on that mountain. She also smoked three packs of cigarettes a day I think those may have been the reasons of her constant mood swings and her unrational thinking. The unrational thinking also could be lin ked to her murder. You will hear some examples later on in this paper.Dian did not start out working with gorillas in the mountains of Rwanda. She first had an office job at the Kosair Crippled Childrens Hospital in Louisville, Kentucky. Im not really quite sure how Dian Fossey became interested in gorillas, but she did and thats all that really matters. The first quantify Dian ever saw a real mountain gorilla, was in a place called Kabara Meadow, with Joan and Alan Root. After that one special day, they were her friends from then on. Those two people i feel were important in her start with gorillas. Another person involved in her start with gorillas was a man by the name of Louis Leaky, the most tall prehistorian of his genration. He was the man that gave Dian her start in Africa, after she convinced him of her determination. Louis Leakey believed that women were best suited emotionally and constitutionally for studying the great apes. It seems Dian was fit for the job, but not f or some aspects of it. I think Dian became a little too attached to her gorillas. They became her family. The only ones she loved and cared for. She cared more about gorillas then she did Dian Fossey.Dian Fossey first arrived in Africa make full with drive and energy. She was completly unprepared for the demands of the job, but she did not give up, she kept on going strong. She first started studyin... ...fact he was grown up and now has to take his graphic symbol in the family. He had to watch and protect his family from danger. One day, it happened. Digit was found dead with his body severly mangled. Dian was very angered and saddened by this and she felt she had to do more. She move letters out to other places letting them know what was going on and when the funding stopped, she turned to her fame with gorillas to recieve money. And when she did, she started the Digit fund. A lot of money was put towards protect the gorillas.This made the Rwandan government look bad by not co ntributing to the safety of their tourist attractions. After she found the poacher that killed Digit, thats when Rwanda definately wanted her out. She threatened to precipitate him and put his head in a noose, but she didnt. Then she brought it to the goverments attention that she wanted a death penalty for poaching. They now just saw her as crazy and wanted her to leave because they felt she is doing more damage than good. But on December 27, 1981, Dian Fossey was found murdered in her shack. No one knew wherefore or who. But on her gravestone is engraved, "Nyirmachabelli", the women who lives alone on the mountain.

The Republic Essay -- essays research papers

Most normal individuals in the modern world would assume that all books written, not published, by public are based on either a portion of the authors imagination, an event (biased or non-biased) in either history or during the life of the author, a straight-out autobiography, or a generalized biography of another person they once knew. However, this philosophical novel fits no(prenominal) of the descriptions above. The book is actually an in-depth recording of a philosophy grapple between Platos teacher Socrates and several other great philosophers. What is significant about this contest is that, in it, Socrates describes his personal view of a perfect world, and why providedice is so important in the process of creating a civilized world.The novel was accurate in 370 B.C., and it describes a strong debate between Socrates and five other speakers. The two main arguments that he illustrates in this novel are that a convention cannot obtain more power than the state, and that a philosopher is best suited to rule a nation since he has the ability to maintain this balance. Also, Socrates claims that only the philosopher has traveled beyond the cave of worldly desires and temptations to discover what arbitrator really is. Socrates first major argument is with Thrasymachus in Book I. The current debate lies on the pure rendering of justice. Thrasymachus claims that there is only one principle of justice the interest of the more dominant force. Socrates counters this argument by using the phrase the stronger. He claims that the ruler of a nation will not be aided, but harmed, by an unintentional command, in the long run. Socrates then builds his argument gradually by stating that the good and just man looks out for the interest of the weaker, and not for himself. Thrasymachus tries to counter Socratess argument by vaguely proclaiming that injustice is more gainful than justice.However, Socrates bravely explains that the just man will live happily because h e has a just soul, and the man with the unjust soul lives in poverty therefore, injustice can never be greater than justice. At this point in the novel I saw Thrasymachuss flaw and also the reason why Socrates has silenced Thrasymachus. Injustice, in my opinion, may be better as a short-term plan for pleasure, but in the long run the unjust man will be condemned by just men of his evil deeds, thus leading to his downf... ...nally, Socrates points out that, in his perfect State, philosophers will always pee-pee the wages over other types of rulers because they have wisdom and knowledge, which gives them the ability to govern justly and wisely. In my opinion, Socratess perfect State sounded plenty like the scenario progressing in the debate. Socrates, since he is a great philosopher, had the advantage over everyone because he was wise and intelligent in his arguments therefore he obviously knew more about justice than anyone else. So, in conclusion, Socrates won the debate on the definition of justice. The reason for this is because Socrates, as stated before, had the wisdom and knowledge to analyze, in the most descriptive way, what justice really is. Glaucon and the others lacked what Socrates had, and so they could not support their arguments as well as Socrates could. I really liked this novel a lot because I am a lover of philosophy and understanding. However, I must admit that some of Socratess arguments were redundant and besides the point. But other than this crucial flaw, the book showed great insight, and Socrates created a vivid description about what justice means to the modern world.

Paradise Lost and The Blazing World: Knowledge of Knowledge that is Bes

Paradise Lost and The Blazing World Knowledge of Knowledge that is Best Left UnknownJohn Milton constitute out to write Paradise Lost in order to justify the ways of God to men (1.26). To achieve this grand goal, Milton relies on his readers capability to discover a degree of private revelation within the text. Many scholars have noted Miltons reliance on personal baring throughout Paradise Lost Stanley Eugene Fish points out that discovery operates in Paradise Lost in a way that is analogous to that of the Mosaic honor because it invokes a level of interaction with the reader that is able to bring us to the righteousness of Christ (526-7). This brain of discovery differs from genre because the readers personal experiences within the text frame the guiding principles for the readers self-education. In The Blazing Word, Margaret Cavendish utilizes discovery as a means to instruct her reader in a way that closely resembles that used by Milton in Paradise Lost. In addition, Ca vendish makes use of unitary of its main themes Be lowly wise (Milton 8.173). Although the idea that Cavendish and Milton would both emphasize personal discovery in their texts may not be all that earth-shattering, it seems rather implausible that Margaret Cavendish, a woman who was a hold opponent to Puritan values, (Ankers 306) as well as an devoted royalist, could have possessed a conception of the nature of knowledge that was virtually indistinguishable from the one held by John Milton, a devout Puritan and Cromwell supporter. Furthermore, our current conceptions of these two writersMargaret Cavendish as a pioneering feminist writer and John Milton as a traditionalist Christian iconseem to further undermine any notion that these two autho... ...ary Criticism 9.1,2 (2000) 301-15.Cavendish, Margaret. The Blazing World. The Blazing World & Other Writings.Ed. Kate Lilley. capital of the United Kingdom Penguin, 1994. 117-202.Fish, Stanely Eugene. discovery as Form in Paradise L ost. Paradise Lost An Authoritative Text Backgrounds and SourcesCriticism. 2nd ed. Ed. Scott Elledge. New York Nortan, 1993. 526-36.Lilley, Kate. Introduction. The Blazing World & Other Writings.Ed. Kate Lilley. London Penguin, 1994. ix-xxxii. Milton, John. Paradise Lost. Paradise Lost An Authoritative Text Backgrounds and Sources Criticism. 2nd ed. Ed. Scott Elledge. New York Nortan, 1993. 1-304.Wood, Caroline Tanya. The Fall and Rise of Absoluteism Margaret Cavendishs Manipulation of fancy dress Conventions in The Claspe Fantasmes Masqueand The Blazing World. In-Between Essays & Studies in Literary Criticism 9.1,2 (2000) 287-99.

Japan :: essays research papers

Japan, a country made up of islands, has a very extensive history that goes on with it. Recorded Japanese history beings about A.D. 400. It is believed that Japan was created by the sun goddess, from whom the emperors descended. The first emperor was Jimmo, who supposedly ascended the throne in 660 B.C. Therere two main reasons for this report. To exit people an overview of Japanese History, and what happened to make it what it has become. Also, to give a better understanding on what happened, and facts that led up to certain Japanese events. In approximately A.D. 400, the Yamato clan, eventually based in Kyoto, managed to exact a control of the other family groups of central and western Japan. Korean contact introduced Buddhism to Japan. Through the 700s, China greatly influenced Japan, and there was an purplish court set up much similar to that of China. The authority of the Imperial court in the ensuing centuries was undermined, and various family clans vied for control. Duri ng this time, warrior clans were rising as a distinct clan known as samurai. In 1192, the Minamoto clan set up a military government under Yoritomo, their leader. Yoritomo was designated shogun (a military dictator). For the next 700 years, shoguns from different clans command in Japan, and the imperial court existed in relative obscurity.In about 1542, Japan had its first encounter with the Western World. An off course Portuguese broadcast arrived in Japanese waters. Soon after, Spanish, Dutch, and English traders followed. From Christianity, and the Portuguese support of a Japanese revolt, the shoguns of the Tokugawa period (1603-1867), cut off all trade with the foreign countries, exactly allowing the Dutch trading post at Nagasaki. The western countries tried to renew the trading, but failed up until 1853. In 1853, Commodore Matthew Perry, from America, sailed a fleet of American ships into Tokyo Bay. clientele was forced upon Japan, under terms not favorable to the Japanes e. Struggles caused by these actions brought the shogun rule to an end. Emperor Meiji came to the throne in 1868In 1889, an Imperial army was formed, and also a parliamentary government. The Japanese began to make steps to extend their empire. In 1894-95, there was a brief war between Japan and China. Japan gained Taiwan (Formosa), the Pescadores Islands, and trigger off of southern Manchuria. China also recognized the independence of Korea, which Japan annexed in 1910.

Electronic Publishing: The future of the media industry? Essays

electronic Publishing The future of the media industry?It all depends on whom you talk to, because everyone has their opinion. Some population feel that this industry is a flash in the pan, but others feel quite differently. The Internet is expanding second by second and the information that is on this median(a) is astounding. Newspapers and magazines have jumped into a type of publishing called internet publishing, or electronic publishing, in which the Internet becomes the primary place to find information about the crabbed company. Organizations like Syracuse Online have used this type of publishing and grabbed a much different quality of audience than the print version of the Syracuse Post-Standard. Electronic publishing brings information to the user instantly, with minute-by-minute updates of parvenues stories, sports scores and special events. Like no other form of media, electronic publishing uses new technology crotchety only to the Internet, in order to enhance the exp erience of the user online. Java applets and scripts, Macromedia Shockwave programs, RealAudio broadcasts, free e-mail newsletters, live video webcasts and interactive chat be some(a) of the counsels in which electronic publishers can translate basic text into exciting, moving media applications. Syracuse Online has taken advantage of these new media on the Internet and has changed the way in which Central New Yorkers view their web site.There are problems with change that skeptics of the Internet have. One problem is that information changes so quickly some clippings, that new information mounted on a web site five minutes ago, might not be read because something has just changed. So, in their opinion, wherefore would you write an article or record a sound bite that wont be ... ...s made that even more possible.The issues that I have raised are just a handful of what is being talked about with regards to electronic publishing. Electronic publishing will continue to grow with th e Internet. As more people transgress the power of electronic publishing to reach out to people, the medium will grow exponentially. The future is very bright for the Internet and for electronic publishing. Only time will tell though.Works CitedBetz, Dean. Personal interview. 15 March 1999.Betz, Dean. Whats Hot at Syracuse Online. E-mail to H. Mansfield. 24 March 1999.Editor & Publisher cartridge clip Online. 6 April 1999. <http//www.mediainfo.com/Mansfield, Howard. Electronic Publishing. English 212 Senior seminar. University of Vermont, Burlington, VT. 30 March 1999. Syracuse Online. Syracuse, NY. 6 April 1999. <http//www.syracuse.com/

Electronic Publishing: The future of the media industry? Essays

Electronic Publishing The future of the media industry?It all depends on whom you guggle to, because everyone has their opinion. Some people feel that this industry is a flash in the pan, but others feel quite differently. The Internet is expanding second by second and the schooling that is on this medium is astounding. Newspapers and magazines acquit jumped into a type of publishing called internet publishing, or electronic publishing, in which the Internet becomes the primary place to find reading about the particular company. Organizations like Syracuse Online have used this type of publishing and grabbed a much different quality of audience than the print translation of the Syracuse Post-Standard. Electronic publishing brings information to the user instantly, with minute-by-minute updates of saucilys stories, sports scores and special events. Like no other form of media, electronic publishing uses new technology unique only to the Internet, in order to enhance the experien ce of the user online. Java applets and scripts, Macromedia Shockwave programs, RealAudio broadcasts, free e-mail newsletters, live video webcasts and interactive cackle are some of the ways in which electronic publishers can translate basic text into exciting, moving media applications. Syracuse Online has taken advantage of these new media on the Internet and has changed the way in which Central New Yorkers view their web site.There are problems with change that skeptics of the Internet have. One problem is that information changes so quickly sometimes, that new information mounted on a web site five minutes ago, might not be read because something has good changed. So, in their opinion, why would you write an article or record a sound bite that wont be ... ...s made that even more(prenominal) possible.The issues that I have raised are just a handful of what is being talked about with regards to electronic publishing. Electronic publishing will continue to grow with the Intern et. As more people discover the power of electronic publishing to reach out to people, the medium will grow exponentially. The future is very bright for the Internet and for electronic publishing. Only time will tell though.Works CitedBetz, Dean. Personal interview. 15 March 1999.Betz, Dean. Whats Hot at Syracuse Online. E-mail to H. Mansfield. 24 March 1999. editor & Publisher Magazine Online. 6 April 1999. <http//www.mediainfo.com/Mansfield, Howard. Electronic Publishing. English 212 Senior seminar. University of Vermont, Burlington, VT. 30 March 1999. Syracuse Online. Syracuse, NY. 6 April 1999. <http//www.syracuse.com/

James Joyce’s Araby Essay

James Joyces Araby is a story short in length, precisely enormous in impact. The unnamed narrator in the story is on the verge of some great discovery, betwixt and between childhood and the world of adults. The playmates with which he interacts, the auntiey and uncle that hold dominion over him, and the crush he develops on the pretty sister of a friend are each(prenominal) described through his eyes. man he describes the action, he does so in a wisdom that seems beyond his years, universe idealist and innocent and at the same time knowledgeable and jaded.though the voyage the protagonist makes is real, simple, and common, the way the journey is portrayed makes it verge on the mythic and the main character garners many millic attributes in the tradition of Joseph Campbells monomyth. Ameri terminate writer Joseph Campbell was well known not only for his defining of the hero and the heros journey, but also his grip and admiration for the defecate of James Joyce. In the work of Joyce, he saw many of the critical elements that comprised the heros journey or the monomyth, which added impact to an otherwise simple coming-of-age story. instead of being just a simple trip to the bazaar, the protagonist of Joyces Araby is forced to have many of the trials and events that befall all heroes. Campbell championed define what makes a hero in his 1949 book The Hero with a Thousand Faces, by stating A hero ventures forth from the world of common day into a region of transcendental wonder fabulous forces are there encountered and a decisive victory is won the hero comes back from this mysterious adventure with the power to bestow boons on his fellow man (30).In other words, Joyces protagonist in Araby has enacted multiple parts of the mythic initiation of the hero-redeemer, who, according to Campbell, undergoes separation, initiation, and returns with a boon for his people. tally to Martha Fodaski Black, In Araby the boy separates himself from the other Dubliner s, under release the trials and tests of the often hostile environment of the Dublin streets at night the main character has his moment of ironic enlightenment at the bazaaralthough the boy does not return to his people, the story is itself the boon that Joyce brought to the Irish (129).Even despite not fitting Campbells definition of the heros journey to the letter, there remain many aspects of it that are too glaring to ignore. The narrator in Araby personifies youthful idealism, fantasy, and confusion, which at first seems to negate the status as a hero embarking on a heros journey. However, when viewed through the eyes of Campbell, the trip to the bazaar for the three-year-old man, as well as the whelm desire that precedes it, are parts of the heros journey. The call to adventure is put forth by Mangans sister, who originally places the idea into the head of the young man about the bazaar.While she cannot go to the bazaar, he promises that he will go and return with something from the bazaar, which is very similar to the concept of the boon for the people. With his intense feelings, juvenile and confusing as they may be, the narrator is presented with a task that he feels obligated to complete, no matter the costs. This becomes his all-consuming passion, and every other aspect of his life in the story takes on a whole new meaning, becoming a mythological quest for something magical and transcendent.Even in his everyday tasks the narrator creates something fantastic, and do his way through the crowded streets carrying groceries he sees a different romantic reality I imagined that I bore my chalice safely through a throng of foes (Joyce 31). The way he romanticizes his friend Mangans sister goes far beyond the realm of reality, though he has little idea why he feels like he does. When she finally becomes reality and speaks to him, he is overwhelmed by it. Yet, he confronts adult reality with full force, following the urges brought on by his burgeoning se xual awareness.By, going on the quest to Araby, his idealism and fantasy are replaced with the cold realization of adulthood and the reality of the world around him. All of the other characters in Araby solely support the narrators rising consciousness and often fit the Campbells definition of helpers, and sometimes as tests and enemies to be overcome. The narrators aunt and uncle act as surrogates for authority figures, and their contradictions, but he still appeals to them after he receives his original call to adventure.Their authority comes to bear on the narrator when he waits for his uncle to get home to go to the bazaar with him, only to be let down when he fails to show up on time. The waiting could be a test for the narrator, and he manages to pass despite the anxiety and trepidation it caused. The pious and fair aunt is complimented with the partially irresponsible but benevolent uncle, and though their help is limited and largely debatable, their gentle support finally al lows the narrator to make it to the bazaar.However, unlike the elfin helpers in many myths, the helpers in Araby are very human, and it is together with the fault of the narrators uncle and aunt that he got to the bazaar so late though they are also the reason he was able to go, show the control that authority has over all and their important position in his life. Once the boy is allowed to go on his journey alone, more than elements of the heros journey come into play. The train ride that the boy embarks upon can be seen as Campbells crossing of the threshold to adventure.The ride itself is something that the boy must endure in order to get to the world he wishes to find, yet another test in a series of tests. However, once at the bazaar, the boys heroic journey takes a disheartening turn, as he hears that lots of his youthful excitement and anticipation for the journey were misinformed. He finds more tests and trials in the circumscribed environment of the bazaar, contending with ignorant clerks that do not merit his respect or business, though this is nothing more than a statement of childish innocence being replaced with the harsh reality of adulthood.In the end, the most important part of the narrators hero journey is not actually making it to the bazaar, nor retrieving the item he promised to Mangans sister, but it is the actual knowledge he gained because of the journey. Despite the help of some characters and the opposition of others, the narrator was able to grow in his knowledge and appreciation of the adult world. In initiating the boys heros journey, Mangans sister is the most important character in the story, not so much for who she is but what she is.She is the symbol of the narrators idealized view of life. She is everything romantic to him, while she most likely has no idea that he feels this way. Other than the narrator, all of the characters view the world as it is, realizing the obligations of life are more important than idealized fan tasies Mangans sister cannot go to Araby because of her convents retreat, the uncle tends to his own affairs out front the narrators, and the aunt only wants to see him safe and happy.When the bazaar turns out horribly for the narrator, he realizes that his romantic view of the world was not only wrong, but may have even been vain because of he failed to see the world like everyone else did. He realizes that the reality of his life and the people in it were far more simple than he imagined, a sentiment that clearly marks his transformation from child to man From the vantage point of maturity the narrator can realize that the aunt and uncle perhaps once possessed an awareness of the romantic, and awareness that has since been clouded by the drabness of North Richmond Street (Cockelreas & Logan).The ultimate irony of the boy is that to finally achieve adulthood, he was robbed of his joy and his imagination and received only painful revelation in return. Josephs Campbells heroic journ ey can be seen in many works of literature, from the common myths of ancient times to the modernist writing of James Joyce. Whether it is the complex story of a human fighting supernatural elements or the simple story of a boy going to a bazaar, any character can be construed as a hero and the journey heroic.Works Cited Black, Martha Fodaski Shaw and Joyce The Last Word in Stolentelling. Gainesville University of Florida Press, 1995. Campbell, Joseph. The Hero with a Thousand Faces. Princeton Princeton University Press, 1949. Cockelreas, J & Logan, D. The Ironic Narrator in James Joyces Araby. Writing Essays approximately Literature. A Literary Rhetoric. New York Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970. Joyce, James. Araby. Dubliners. New York Penguin Books, 1967.

Tips on Writing Statement of Purpose for Graduate School

Tips on Writing Statement of Purpose and Personal Statement Es claims for Graduate School and Fellowship Applications meditate samples written by other bookmans. The Undergraduate Research Programs office on the 4th floor of Sweet Hall has a binder with sample dictations of economic consumption for a wide variety of fields. You fannynot take the binder divulge of the office, but there be comfortable chairs and you can read through the binder there. unrivalled thing you entrust notice every student has a distinct history, different strengths and weaknesses, so there is no sensation manner to keep open this fibre of essay. Arrange for individual editorial consultation.After you develop absorbed the tips suggested here and you have developed some kind of draft, send an email to Renee Courey at emailprotected edu with a enounce attachment of your draft (with your name on it) along with days and times that youre available, and either she or another associate will set up an a ppointment. subdue doing this at the last minute. The schedule may be booked, and very often essays take to be re-conceived or there are other major(ip) revisions. So, when you gather in an appointment, allow for plenty of time for follow-up meetings. You can also set up an appointment at the Stanford Writing Center check with SWC on how to do this.Personal statements and statements of subroutine are perhaps the most of the essence(p) parts of applications. There is little you can do to change your GPA or your class vitae (the take upnish version of a resume), but these statements can be written in many an(prenominal) different ways, emphasizing different aspects of your interests, goals, ainity, and style. They give up the unique qualities that steel you the candidate that a committee indispensablenesss to select, and a substantially statement of purpose can also affect those professors who will write letters of recommendation for you.Consequently, you regard to pay particular attention to their composition. Admissions and approval committees have been kn give birth to accept candidates with un take down academic records or reject otherwise excellent candidates on the posterior of these statements. Essays for law civilize and medical school applications have their own unique characteristics. While many of the tips outlined here are useful for these essays, the demands of graduate school and fellowship essays are different. Law school and medical school essays are closer to the type of essay you wrote for undergraduate admissions.Admissions committees are not that interested in how much you know about law or medicine, since they male parentt expect you to know very much, and look, while important to write about, is not as crucial as for graduate computer programmes. For law, you are expected to demonstrate that you can reason and write, and that you have some kind of expert capacity and drive and a sense of human connections, and that you are motivated to become a lawyer. For medicine, you are expected to recount any experience with medicine ( much(prenominal) as shadowing doctors), that you have compassion, in addition to demonstrating that you can reason and write.A garner, the tips here are primarily directed at graduate school and fellowship essays, and if you are interested in these professional schools you can extrapolate from these suggestions and consult with the charm staff at UAP. Read the description of the essay carefully, and make sure that you answer the question in the way that it is worded. Pay attention to the word length indicated in the instruction and do not exceed it. These essays are usually very short, and you need to be concise and strategic about which interests or goals you decide to highlight.Do not try to fudge the prompt answer the question as stated (although most will simply say something like Write a short statement of purpose). Some fellowship applications may require a personal statement that addresses concerns of the fellowship. For example, the Udall asks for an essay responding to Sen. Udalls speeches and writings concerning the environment, the Soros seeks a personal account of what it means to be a New American and how the Constitution and Bill of Rights affect your life, and the Truman asks a serial of interlocking questions.Such essays call upon all your critical capacities to present an analysis, opinion or personal reflection, and they are similar to other essays you have written in college. Statements of purpose are required of all fellowship and graduate school applications. These essays require you to describe clearly your interests, your proposed intellectual projects leading towards major enquiry or disquisition, as well as your plans for the future. They are the committees introduction to you as a scholar and potential colleague.A statement of purpose or interest is very different than the personal essay you wrote for undergraduate applic ations. It is NOT a customary biographical sk etcetera, nor is it primarily a personal reflection upon your decisions to enter a field, nor does it focus on your extracurricular activities (unless those activities pertain to your scholarly interests). You will not be asked something like View a photograph and describe it. Being a scholar, researcher or instructor will demand your best communication skills, so your essay should reassure the committee that you can communicate effectively and with a deep understanding of your field.You should write in a personable manner but this is somewhat different than writing a personal essay for undergraduate admissions. Keep in head word that you are writing to a particular audience, usually of faculty in your field (unlike your undergraduate admissions essay, which was directed to a general admissions committee). In other words, if you are applying for a chemistry PhD program, you will be addressing fellow chemists, for history, fellow his torians, etc. If you are applying to an interdisciplinary program (e. g. History of Consciousness at Santa Cruz), your audience is a diverse group of scholars (literature, history, philosophy, etc. ) all united by a similar concern. If you are applying to a fellowship, your audience is liable to be much general or interdisciplinary. Be prepared to produce many drafts. These essays are among the most concentrated pieces of writing you may do related to graduate school (other than your dissertation and your first job letter) because you must make so many strategic decisions on how to present yourself in such a short amount of space.Allow yourself a lot of time for drafts, and do not get frustrated because of the many times you will need to rewrite. Making multiple revisions is an inevitable part of the process. give your drafts to faculty members, particularly those writing letters of recommendation, fellow students, and others. Accept criticisms with as little defensiveness as pos sible. On occasion you will get conflicting opinions on the presentation of your ideas and you will have to decide which direction to take.If you have a leading faculty mentor, you may defer to his or her opinion over others. The trick of this essay is to transform supplication into conversation, to change begging into exchange. Readers want to get a feeling of your intellect, and in a successful essay they will want to continue the discussion youve initiated, which they can only do if they admit you into their program. They will want you to be a part of their community of scholars because you have something to offer. They ask Would I be interested in talking to this student about her research over lunch? Concentrate on demonstrating what you know about your field and what you promise to accomplish in graduate school and raze beyond. Is there a particular line of business of the field that you find interesting? What do you hope to offer to the field? Avoid digressions. Demonstra te your knowledge of the field by making appropriate references to leading scholars, major writers, and current debates or concerns, employing appropriate technical terminology. Avoid jargon that you believe is fashionable in order to appear flashy most committees can tell superficial use of buzz words.You usually do not need to rationalise concepts in depth, since admission committees are usually already familiar with the field (although brief explanations for a more general endorser may be necessary for fellowship applications). If you do write about an aspect of the field that may be somewhat unusual or controversial, your index to briefly explain technical or theoretical aspects is a crucial component of how your essay is judged. You are not simply offering a abridgment of a field, so your ability to present your own arguments demonstrates how creatively you engage the entire field.Make concrete references to the program you are applying to and to the faculty you would like to study with. However, make sure these references are sufficiently broad so that you do not sound as if you want to study with just one person or have an unjustifiedly narrow interest in the field. You may not realize it, but that one person you want to study with may be on sabbatical for two years. Very often, the question is not whether or not you are capable, but whether or not you are a good fit. So, dont make your interest with the program so narrow as to allow any excuse for an awkward fit. Investigate the program refreshen their web site, talk to graduate students, visit in person, if you can to discover its focus, how graduate students are involved in research, its politics vis-a-vis the field. Do not inadvertently position yourself on one or other side of a controversy within the department or field. Often, the discussion of the particular program is at the very end of the essay (which allows you to simply place the appropriate paragraph for each school).This is a regu lar convention of this genre, everyone expects it, and you do not need to worry because you in any case write your essay this way. However, you can write it differently references to a particular program can be woven into the body of the text, as well. This is far more difficult and requires an original essay for each school but it can be very effective. While you should discuss the particular area of your field from which you may develop a dissertation topic, do not present an overly detailed proposal of your anticipated dissertation.Most young scholars do not have their dissertation topics determined yet, and admission committees anticipate that. Many committees will regard a detailed description of a dissertation topic with suspicion, even deciding that a young scholar who has so determined his or her topic without advanced work is not open-minded enough to other influences in the field. One of the pleasures faculty have is in molding their graduate students. If you seem to ha ve a closed mind, they may find this unappealing. However, if you do have areas of interest, you should explain them just refrain from writing a detailed proposal.You are fashioning a fictional version of yourself. While your account is always based on truth, you have a great deal of freedom in constructing the image of who you are. You decide what goes in and what does not, and in what order. The notion that you are writing fiction can allow you some distance the idea that this is fiction can free you up to be more creative and less uncomfortable that you are stripping your soul. However you construct yourself, never lie. Not only is lying wrong, but lies are usually easily detected and self-defeating.Construct coherence. No matter how different your intellectual or other relevant experiences may be, seek out some way to bring everything together as a coherent whole. This is tricky and difficult but everything can be described as part of one sort of process or development or an other there are always underlying connections. Trying to determine these questions is an excellent topic for brainstorming with other people who can see you more clearly because they have more distance. Techniques for writing drafts.There are many ways to open your essay, many choices on the order in which to present your involvement in the field, many different aspects of your academic career to highlight. However, many people get hung up on producing an exciting opening. In your initial drafting process, experiment with presenting yourself and highlighting your interests in many different ways before settling on which approach is most compelling. One technique is to write separate, independent paragraphs or groups of sentences describing different aspects of your work (such as your research projects) or experiences without worrying about how they connect or flow.At least in this way you can begin to articulate the important elements of your essay and you have worldly to work with . You can experiment by avoiding any opening and writing the body of your essay or you can experiment with trying to write one short paragraph that concisely says everything. Be playful in your experiments before you settle on one approach. Openings. Openings tend to get people hung up. Everyone wants to make a good, first impression. But, often, once someone sets upon an opening, it tends to shape the rhetorical flow of the rest of the essay, even distorting the essay.One suggestion is NOT to have an opening but simply to dismount avoid the high-stake gambit altogether. An opening that uses an anecdote about your interest in the field is very popular. It can be very effective, and its a park way that people can express their interests. But its so popular that it may come across as trite, unless it is a very powerful, appropriate anecdote, and it must be short. (Often, people need to write an anecdote in order to get themselves going, and when the anecdote is done, take a look at what happens beside that may, in fact, be your opening. Opening with a personal narrative (e. g. , how I became passionate about this subject) can be effective, but, again, this approach is very popular and even overdone (When I was six I was hit on the head at the playground, and ever since thence Ive wanted to be a neuroscientist). If you do use personal narrative, make it very brief and to the point. Dont spend half your essay relating a story. Another popular approach is to present a chronology of your development. While a chronological account may be tempting and may be necessary for you to do at an early decimal point of writing it is a fairly ow-level rhetorical mode. Another possibility is to open with at the most sophisticated level of your development, such as the advanced research or honors thesis you are currently completing, and then describe how you got to that point in the field. Often, an analysis of some aspect of your research interest or of your own developme nt can provide you with a way to discuss your overall development. Present your interests match to an underlying theme, framing idea or argument that then draws from the history of your involvement to illustrate your idea.No matter how different your activities may be, you can draw a coherent picture of your development. At first you may not think that climbing Mount Everest connects readily to a doctorate in mechanical engineering or medieval studies but if presented the right way, it could. Dont reject any experience out of hand. And dont leave out things which you think are obvious. For example, your honors thesis or research may leaven up on your c/v, but you give the meaning or spin to that reality in your essay.Do not present a complete incline of courses in the field you have taken or an undifferentiated, comprehensive description of your interest. You will need to make strategic decisions on how you present your interest, deciding what is primary, secondary, etc. , and m aking such decisions may be difficult, even painful. You will have a transcript in your application, so you dont need lists that dont spin explanations. Address any anomalies in your transcript. If you have any lapses, unusual low grades, withdrawals or anything else that seems strange, explain them in as non-defensive a way as possible.For example, the fact that the first two years of college you were a mediocre student until you discovered your intellectual passion or you withdrew from classes one quarter because of indisposition or family problems. If you spent time in jail or joined a guerrilla army, you need to figure out how to explain your history. In many respects, you do not need to explain everything and some things may be none of an admissions committees business but you do need to say something. If you do not explain the situation, your lectors will invent explanations for themselves and their fantasies will probably be far worse than the reality.Avoid excessive, un reasonable enthusiasm. Extreme effusion backfires. For example, statements such as I love 19th deoxycytidine monophosphate British literature so much that I feel that I live in the 19th century or I AM Nietzsche or I live and breathe sea urchins suggest possible psychosis, not reasonable enthusiasm. For the most part, exclamation points should be avoided. Check your writing style for un assured attempts at forced sincerity or authenticity. This is a form of begging and its tough to spot, since you often dont see if for yourself.For example, check to see if your adjectives are excessive (I took an amazing/astounding/awesome class). Often, no adjective is fine or a more restrained one has a better effect. Review triples or doubles to see if they are indeed necessary and reveal important information. For example, if the flow of rhetoric has you saying I am dedicated, hard working, and committed, you should note that dedicated and committed are almost identical and the repetition has t he effect of undermining your sincerity. The reader gets a subliminal message flashing of Baloney Dont follow rhetorical flow follow the logic of your underlying coherence. Be conscious of inflammatory or biased language. You may hold strong opinions about the field or be motivated by particular causes. Do not mask your opinions, but be aware of presenting yourself in a tactful, judicious fashion. You can express various views in such a way as to present yourself as having an opinion yet remaining open-minded. You want to avoid coming across as an extremist or as a peckish that cannot enter a dialogue with others. No jokes.Humor and sarcasm depend upon a shared field of reference and you have no idea if you and your readers have such a mutual understanding. Most of the time, self-deprecating humor comes across as simply deprecating yourself, and sarcasm can easily be misunderstood. One student who spent ten years working as a writer for situation comedies refrained from using humo r if she refrained and she knows the business you can too. This doesnt mean that you should be leaden or dull, but avoid jokes or smirks or a wise-guy tone. Do not write what you think the committee wants to read.Be yourself. Often, applicants believe they should write according to some image of proper academic seriousness or style. Your personal style and passion should shine through the essay. Although this is a formal essay and you should avoid slang or overly casual constructions, its tone should be engaging, even personable (though not personal). Poofread the essay, roofpread the essay, prufreed the essay. Have your friends proofread it. While this is not a grammar test, excessive typos and other mechanical errors indicate poor work habits and do not make a good impression.Most admissions committees allow one typo (such as to for too), but when the typos start adding up youre sending a bad message. After all this advice and warning, keep in mind that this is actually an excit ing process. possibly for the first time in years you are attempting to present a coherent intellectual portrait of yourself. In the process you may actually gain a clearer vision of your interests and goals and feel even more confident that graduate study is the direction you want to go. Contact the URP office for editorial review.We will be glad to review your essay at any stage of the process. As you can tell, this is more than a narrowly defined writing process, so we may ask you questions about your interests, your academic career, and other pursuits to see if additional experiences should be included. Were not trying to be nosey, but students often leave out aspects of themselves that they think are obvious or not important when in fact they are very valuable. Adapted from original text by Hilton Obenzinger copyright 2005 Stanford University.

Economies Of Scale Scope Essay

Economies of Scope An economic theory stating that the average total cost of production decreases as a turn out of increasing the number of different goods produced.For example, McDonalds can produce both hamburgers and French fries at a lower average cost than what it would cost two separate firms to produce the equal goods. This is because McDonalds hamburgers and French fries shargon the use of food storage, preparation facilities, and so forth during production.Another example is a keep company such as Proctor & Gamble, which produces hundreds of products from razors to toothpaste. They can spread to hire expensive graphic designers and marketing experts who will use their skills across the product lines. Because the costs are spread out, this lowers the average total cost of production for each product.Economies of descale are the cost advantages that a business can exploit by expanding their scale of production. The effect of economies of scale is to reduce the average (u nit) costs of production. Here are some examples of how economies of scale workTechnical economies of scaleLarge-scale businesses can afford to invest in expensive and specialist capital machinery. For example, a supermarket chain such as Tesco or Sainsburys can invest in technology that improves stock control. It might not, however, be viable or cost-efficient for a small corner shop to buy this technology. Specialisation of the workforceLarger businesses cave in complex production processes into separate tasks to boost productivity. By specialising in certain tasks or processes, the workforce is able to produce more output in the same time.

Golden Oaks Rehabilitation Center

Margie Wilson, a 95 year old woman and longanimous at Golden Oaks Rehabilitation Center located on the grounds of Marion General Hospital, is dealing with some difficult times after losing her son, Williams, this past week. at bottom the past five years, she has also had to deal with the passing of her husband of 68 years, Earl, and another son who died in a motor vehicle accident, Jacob. Margie is having a rattling difficult time taking this in all in and is not feeling al hotshot. She has come to the conclusion that she no longer wants to live her smell alone.She wants to end her life and is requesting that the one thing thats keeping her alive, her sinoatrial node, be disconnected. Two years ago Margie suffered a heart attack that almost took her life, which resulted in her having the electronic pacemaker implanted. The pacemaker keeps Margies heart rhythm at 100% pace, which is what keeps her alive. With all her family gone, she has no desire to live anymore and is requesti ng that her pacemaker be removed so that she can be reunited with her family.Margie has spoken with Cindy Macklin, the Nursing Home Administrator, and has told her what she would like to happen. She has requested that Cindy call Dr. Vigay, who is the cardiologist surgeon who originally implanted the pacemaker. Dr. Vigay was stunned because in the 20 years of his practice he has never had a request from his patents. He has pretty much declined her request and has asked that she allow time to get her past her watercourse state of mind and back to linguistic rule. Margie is now extremely upset and determined and is now requesting to see the Golden Oaks social worker, Jane Robison, MSW.Jane meets with Margie for more than an hour discussing and exploring all her options. In this case, there are morals and conflicts involved. There are certain ethical, moral and legal conflicts that need to be determined. Morals are beliefs and values that conform to normal standards of what is duty a nd wrong and deal with peoples habits of conduct (www. ehow. com). The moral principles of ethics that are involved include Beneficence doing genuine, demonstrating kindness, showing compassion, and helping others Nonmaleficence avoiding the painful sensation of harmJustice the duty to be fair in the distribution of benefits and risks Autonomy recognizing an individuals right to make his or her own decisions The morals that are in conflict are nonmaleficence, justice and autonomy. The top priority of the doctors, nurses, social worker, and ethics committee is to make sure that nonmaleficence is not being implemented while considering Margies right to make her own decision about lacking to live and the risks and benefits that could go along with Margies request to remove her pacemaker. The dilemma here consists of Margie wanting her doctor to assist with taking her life by removing her pacemaker.Margie has lost her desire to live because of the loss of her family and wants to be with them. There are several ethical theories that play apart in this dilemma. Normative Ethics the attempt to determine what moral standards should be followed so that human behavior and conduct are morally right (Pozgar, p 369). Consequential Ethics emphasizing that the morally right action is whatever action leads to the maximum balance of good over evil (Pozgar, p. 369). utile Ethics doing the greatest good for the most people (Pozgar, p. 370).Deontologic Ethics focusing on ones duties to others and others rights including telling the truth and keeping your promises (Pozgar, p. 371). As the ethics committee chairman, we do agree that there is a dilemma here. We are all on the same accord and have been informed with all the knowledge about the case. Dr. Vigay, Jane Robison, Cindy Macklin, and I have all come together and presented all the information and facts that we know about the dilemma to the members of the committee to ensure that no one was left out about any de tails of this dilemma.Dr. Vigay informed the committee that removing Margies pacemaker would violate the ethics principles of beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice. If he followed through with Margies request, he would be going against helping others, avoiding or causing harm to patients, and disregarding the benefits and risks of Margie by performing the requested actions. Jane Robison has expressed that doing what Margie has requested would not be good for Margie nor her profession due to the ethics standards that are withheld for all the patients.She believes that with time Margie will have a change of heart and appreciate her life being spared. Cindy Macklin is in agreement with everyone else in not assisting Margie with taking her life due to overwhelming circumstances she has faced within the past few years. Therefore, after all the recommendations and suggestions from all involved and the members of the ethics committee, Margies request to have her pacemaker removed has be en denied due to the all the ethical standards and the fact that it is not right to allow or assist anyone in taking their own life.

Coffeehouse and Starbucks

1. Original Strategic Vision for Starbucks Howard Schultzs original strategic fancy was to transform Starbucks into a national phoner with an vehemence on placing great value on its enforceees. He believed that the key to success was for Starbucks to capitalize on its people he wanted a middling decentralized organizational structure which emphasized the importance of including employees in the decision-making process. Schultz wanted to place an image of Starbucks as an employer that guardd for the general substanti in anyy-being of its employees and unmatchable that employees could be nurse pride in being a crash of.A key strategic objective espoused by Schultz in his original strategic vision was to transform Starbucks into the intimately respected flaw name in umber and for the come with to be admired for its corporeal duty. Also worth noting is the circumstance that after visiting Milan, Italy Schultz similarly made it single out of his strategic vision to tra nsform Starbucks as a remake of the Italian coffee bar glossiness. He wanted nodes to perceive a visit to a Starbucks coffee shop as a social gathering where clients could grab a fresh-brewed beverage, meet their friends and visit.He believed that creating this emphasis on client flummox could distinguish Starbucks from its competitors. Schultzs 2010 strategic vision for Starbucks is an extension of his original vision from the 1980s which has been expanded to include more groundbreaking and cost cutting practices. It rear overly be argued that some of his cutting strategic objectives are more prudent instead of being fully rapacious. For interpreter, fleck Schultz still believed that the participation should impact to pursue worldwide magnification, he makes it unmixed that this should be pursued at a slower, more methodical pace.In addition, with regards to the volume of break ins in the US, he ac associations the fact that amplification efforts were not decent coordinated with regards to the close proximities of many Starbucks shops. Therefore he closed 900 underperforming shops, three quarters of which were located three miles away from a close shop. The 2010 strategic vision withal go on to emphasize the customer experience. He believed that employees take away lost their soul of the onetime(prenominal) in their passion to educate customers around(predicate) their products and provide customers with a quality experience .As a result in 2008, Schultz ordered 7,100 US stores to be temporarily shut down for three origin hours to provide peculiar(a) training for store employees. The purpose of this was to give their baristas hands-on training to aid in improving the quality of the beverages they served. It was also an effort to reform and reignite Starbucks polish of a customer-centric focus to help employees understand the importance of a satisfying customer experience. Lastly, much innovation and cost-cutting practices were inco rporated into the 2010 strategic vision.For example as part of a serious cost-cutting schema, the family undertook a 1000-person cut in staffing to cut down on administrative costs from the connections organizational behave infrastructure. With regards to innovation, the lodge also implemented ideas such as internet-based software for scheduling work hours for store employees and in the buff resources such as laptops for store employees. Innovation was also implemented in the products the company offers.An example of this is the launch of VIA instant coffees and menu items knowing to offer healthy breakfast choices for people with bad-tempered lifestyles such as fruit cups and healthier bakery selections. 2. Has Starbucks strategy evolved as the strategic vision has evolved? 3 . The Broad Differentiation strategy closely closely approximates the agonistical approach used by Starbucks. This is supported by the fact that the companys target segment is not limited to a specif ic corner foodstuff.As reinforced by the companys resurging commitment to expand to global markets, it is committed to serving the needs of a broad market with widely non-homogeneous preferences. Supporting Starbucks use of a Broad Differentiation strategy is the fact that Starbucks tries to distinguish itself from competitors by offering a dish devoted to tone ending the extra mile to deliver a satisfying customer experience. This is appropriate with the companys theme of retributory say yes to customer requests.Another key sight of the Broad Differentiation strategy that Starbucks practices is the offer of a wide selection of products which emphasize differentiating attributes. An example of this would be Starbucks introduction of VIA ca-ca Brew chocolate. These were packets of coffee that could be prepared instantly by simply adding them to a cup of water. VIA coffee had the superior attribute of easy preparation while replicating the same wealthy full-bodied taste of fresh-brewed coffee delivered by Starbucks from its coffeehouses.Another unique product introduced by Starbucks with a differentiating feature is the introduction of Vivanno better-for-you smoothies. These smoothies offered those health-conscious customers with little to think about with only 250 calories, one serving of fruit, 16 grams of proten and 5 grams of fiber. 4 The key policies, practices, principles and procedures that underlie how Howard Schultz and Starbucks management have implemented and executed the companys strategy are as follows Emphasis on providing employees with a caring, desirable work environment in which they dismiss contribute to the success and development of the company.It is clear that Shultz believes in taking care of his employees to win their commitment to enhancing the well-being of the company. As evidence, Schultz tinctureled a comprehensive benefits package which unlike the norm for other line of credites, were offered not only to full-time empl oyees but temporary employees as well. In order to emphasize the connection between employee contributions and the companys market value, Schultz also implemented Bean Stock- Starbucks stock cream plan.The purpose of this was to allow individually employee to become a partner and share in the success of the company to promote a commanding long-term power on the companys operations. Applying good and high standards of excellence to the purchasing, roasting and fresh deliin truth of coffee. Evidence for Starbucks commitment to ethical sourcing of its coffee can be supported by its partnership with Conservation International Center to develop Coffee and Farmer Equity (C. A. F. E. ) Practices. Such practices were designed to help farmers prove coffee in ways that prevented harm to the planet.These practices were designed to c everyplace safe and clement working conditions (ensuring congruence with minimum wage requirements as well as child labor provisions), and making sure that the prices Starbucks paid were sufficient to allow farmers to cover their production costs and provide for their families. In addition, the companys firmness of purpose to provide excellent standards in the roasting and serving of coffee is supported by Starbucks rigorous training program for all its partners/baristas.The program includes a minimum of 24 hours of training in the first two to four weeks of training and involves classes in coffee history, drink preparation, coffee knowledge and customer service. The animated development of satisfied customers all of the time. It is clear that Schultz is adamant about ensuring that customers are provided with the best experience every time they visit a Starbucks coffee shop. This meant stipendiary careful attention to what pleases their customers.The company employs a customer-centric culture where they are trained to take extra measures to ensure that the customer was fully satisfied, and to employ a just say yes theme to customer requests. Make a positive contribution to the communities in which we operate our cable. In order to give affirm to the communities in which their many shops reside, the company participates in many philanthropic events which are coordinated by the Starbucks Foundation. Some of their activities include participation in local kind-hearted projects as well as community development activities.Recognition of profitability as essential to our success. Starbucks is aware that in being able to deliver in all of the aforementioned areas, that it pass on be able to enjoy the success that its shareholders desire. As a result, the company believes that it is fully accountable to performing well in each of these areas so that Starbucks and its various stakeholders can continue to endure and thrive. 5. What values does Starbucks have? How well do they connect to the strategy and the way the company conducts its business? 6. brotherly Responsibility * C. A. F.E Coffee and Farmer Equity- Partnership in which Starbucks sought to develop practices to help farmers grow high-quality coffees in ways that were good for the planet. This covered practices such as safe and humane working conditions including compliance with minimum wage requirements and child labor provisions) and environmental responsibility P359 * Definition for social responsibility- Wikipedia Starbucks corporate culture involves the clean binding of partners to break away the companys operations with consideration of the well-being of others around them.Ie the company purchases a growing percentage of coffees that Starbucks purchases are grown organically without the use of chemic fertiliziers, pesticides and herbicides. This supports the companys devotion to socially responsible practices. Such efforts helps in maintaining the cleanliness of groundwater and prevents degradation of environmental ecosystems nearby. embrace As indicated by its unfathomable efforts to manage business in a way that promo tes social and environmental concern, Starbucks has very strong dedication to its corporate social responsibility.Not only has this effort to cast a company with soul has also been ingrained in the companys mission statement, Starbucks has also received wide recognition for its efforts in this area. In fact in 2010, the company was named to Corporate Responsibilitys list of The 100 Best Corporate Citizens for the 10th time. In addition the company has received over 25 awards for its efforts in the areas of philanthropic, community service and environmental activities.As one of its most noteworthy efforts, in 1997 the company established The Starbucks Foundation to invent the companys philanthropic undertakings. Under the Foundation, many of its coffee shops participated in regular charity events and community improvement initiatives. Starbucks social responsibility is also reflected in its beneficence towards worthy causes. For example, in 2005 the company made a $5 million, five year commitment to aid in the relief and recovery of victims of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita.More recently in 2010, the company also donated funding worth $1 million to support the American Red Cross efforts to provide relief for those who survived the earthquake in Haiti. In view of such devout efforts to these environment and humanitarian concerns, it can definitely be argued that Starbucks social responsibility strategy is genuine. The companys past and keep devotion to such undertakings support this conjecture, making it evident that Starbucks is true to its cause and is not only publicizing its social responsibility strategy to instil a positive image in its takeholders. 7. Assessment of Starbucks financial performance during 2005-2009? 8. Assessment of Schultzs Transformation Agenda for Starbucks during 2008-2010? (C-363-C-363) Has he done a good job since his return as Starbucks CEO? Why or why not? While Howard Schultz has managed to instil a very strong corporate culture based on delivering the best customer experience possible during his tenure at Starbucks, it seems that the guidance of the company under Jim Donald as CEO get-go in 2006 has brought on cultural change.The introduction of Donald as the new CEO has brought on two factors of cultural change as indicated in protrude 1 below shifting internal conditions (brought on by Donalds assumption of role as Starbucks CEO) and rapid developing of the firm through and through his introduction of an aggressive corporate culture that pursued rapid store expansion at the expense of the long-established commitment to customer service.This new focus on aggressive exploitation with less emphasis on maintaining customer relationships spurred uneasiness amongst member of Starbucks board and eroded customer traffic in US stores starting in 2007. Investors became distressed about the companys steadily declining stock price. As a result, in January of 2008, Starbucks asked Howard Schultz to overtake his original position as CEO. Thus he proposed to fix the inefficiencies that impaired Starbucks original customer-centric culture.This initiative was set out in a very well-developed set of directives which came to be know as Schultzs 2008-2010 transformation agenda. By analyzing the various steps necessary in trying to implement change in a problem culture (shown in Figure 2 below), one can see that Schultzs actions and numerous objectives as set out in his agenda are congruent with those outlined in these steps.Step1 Identify facets of the present culture that are conducive to good strategy act and those that are not In his letter to in all Starbucks Partners written in February 2008, Schultz makes it clear what he believes is necessary to return Starbucks at its original competitive position. Of the utmost importance is Howard Schultzs address of the wane of Starbucks emphasis on providing a distinct quality customer experience. He indicates has concern by saying We are in the pe ople business and always have beenIt means you make the difference.We succeed in the marketplaceby embracing the values, guiding principles and culture of our company and bringing it to life one customer at a time. As a result, in his letter Schultz affirms his goal to reintroduce a renewed clarity of purpose devoted to a laser-focused customer experience. Another of these beliefs is his continued persistence to include all employees as partners in the effort to move the company to success. Schultz continues to encourage employees to voice their opinions on how to improve the companys operations.This makes evident Schultz s belief in holding serious esteem of the opinions of employees. Such a practice is conductive to good strategy execution as he states thank you for your ideas and suggestionskeep them coming. No one knows our business and our customers better than you. Step 2 Specify what new actions, behaviors and work practices should be bombastic in the new culture With rega rds to revitalizing the companys original customer-centric focus, Schultz clearly states we are not going to embrace the status quo.Instead we exit be curious, bold and innovative in our actions and, in doing so, we will exceed the expectation of our customers. In addition Schultz outlines several new objectives in his transformation agenda which establishes the new culture. By analyzing some of these, it becomes evident that much prudence was taken in developing these objectives to correct some of Schultzs own past inefficiencies.For example, instead of move an aggressive expansion policy, the agenda sets out to slow the pace of new store openings in the US, as well as closing 900 underperforming company-operated stores in the US, which were in close propinquity of an existing Starbucks store and cannibalizing on its customer base. Step 3 Talk openly about the problems of the present culture and how new behaviors will improve company performance 9. Issues that confront the compa ny as of mid 2010? What should management be worried about? 10. Recommendations to Schultz to sustain the companys growth and support continued strong financial performance?Coffeehouse and Starbucks1. Original Strategic Vision for Starbucks Howard Schultzs original strategic vision was to transform Starbucks into a national company with an emphasis on placing great value on its employees. He believed that the key to success was for Starbucks to capitalize on its people he wanted a somewhat decentralized organizational structure which emphasized the importance of including employees in the decision-making process. Schultz wanted to place an image of Starbucks as an employer that cared for the general well-being of its employees and one that employees could be take pride in being a part of.A key strategic objective espoused by Schultz in his original strategic vision was to transform Starbucks into the most respected brand name in coffee and for the company to be admired for its corpo rate responsibility. Also worth noting is the fact that after visiting Milan, Italy Schultz also made it part of his strategic vision to transform Starbucks as a remake of the Italian coffee bar culture. He wanted customers to perceive a visit to a Starbucks coffee shop as a social gathering where customers could grab a fresh-brewed beverage, meet their friends and visit.He believed that creating this emphasis on customer experience could distinguish Starbucks from its competitors. Schultzs 2010 strategic vision for Starbucks is an extension of his original vision from the 1980s which has been expanded to include more innovative and cost cutting practices. It can also be argued that some of his new strategic objectives are more prudent instead of being fully aggressive. For example, while Schultz still believed that the company should continue to pursue international expansion, he makes it evident that this should be pursued at a slower, more methodical pace.In addition, with regar ds to the volume of stores in the US, he acknowledges the fact that expansion efforts were not properly coordinated with regards to the close proximities of many Starbucks shops. Therefore he closed 900 underperforming shops, three quarters of which were located three miles away from a nearby shop. The 2010 strategic vision also continued to emphasize the customer experience. He believed that employees have lost their soul of the past in their passion to educate customers about their products and provide customers with a quality experience .As a result in 2008, Schultz ordered 7,100 US stores to be temporarily shut down for three business hours to provide special training for store employees. The purpose of this was to give their baristas hands-on training to aid in improving the quality of the beverages they served. It was also an effort to renew and reignite Starbucks culture of a customer-centric focus to help employees understand the importance of a satisfying customer experienc e. Lastly, much innovation and cost-cutting practices were incorporated into the 2010 strategic vision.For example as part of a serious cost-cutting strategy, the company undertook a 1000-person cut in staffing to cut down on administrative costs from the companys organizational support infrastructure. With regards to innovation, the company also implemented ideas such as internet-based software for scheduling work hours for store employees and new resources such as laptops for store employees. Innovation was also implemented in the products the company offers.An example of this is the launch of VIA instant coffees and menu items designed to offer healthy breakfast choices for people with busy lifestyles such as fruit cups and healthier bakery selections. 2. Has Starbucks strategy evolved as the strategic vision has evolved? 3 . The Broad Differentiation strategy most closely approximates the competitive approach used by Starbucks. This is supported by the fact that the companys tar get segment is not limited to a specific niche market.As reinforced by the companys resurging commitment to expand to global markets, it is committed to serving the needs of a broad market with widely diverse preferences. Supporting Starbucks use of a Broad Differentiation strategy is the fact that Starbucks tries to distinguish itself from competitors by offering a service devoted to going the extra mile to deliver a satisfying customer experience. This is congruent with the companys theme of just say yes to customer requests.Another key aspect of the Broad Differentiation strategy that Starbucks practices is the offer of a wide selection of products which emphasize differentiating attributes. An example of this would be Starbucks introduction of VIA Ready Brew Coffee. These were packets of coffee that could be prepared instantly by simply adding them to a cup of water. VIA coffee had the superior attribute of easy preparation while replicating the same rich full-bodied taste of fr esh-brewed coffee delivered by Starbucks from its coffeehouses.Another unique product introduced by Starbucks with a differentiating feature is the introduction of Vivanno better-for-you smoothies. These smoothies offered those health-conscious customers with little to think about with only 250 calories, one serving of fruit, 16 grams of proten and 5 grams of fiber. 4 The key policies, practices, principles and procedures that underlie how Howard Schultz and Starbucks management have implemented and executed the companys strategy are as follows Emphasis on providing employees with a caring, desirable work environment in which they can contribute to the success and development of the company.It is clear that Shultz believes in taking care of his employees to win their commitment to enhancing the well-being of the company. As evidence, Schultz instilled a comprehensive benefits package which unlike the norm for other businesses, were offered not only to full-time employees but part-ti me employees as well. In order to emphasize the connection between employee contributions and the companys market value, Schultz also implemented Bean Stock- Starbucks stock option plan.The purpose of this was to allow each employee to become a partner and share in the success of the company to promote a positive long-term effect on the companys operations. Applying ethical and high standards of excellence to the purchasing, roasting and fresh delivery of coffee. Evidence for Starbucks commitment to ethical sourcing of its coffee can be supported by its partnership with Conservation International Center to develop Coffee and Farmer Equity (C. A. F. E. ) Practices. Such practices were designed to help farmers grow coffee in ways that prevented harm to the planet.These practices were designed to cover safe and humane working conditions (ensuring congruence with minimum wage requirements as well as child labor provisions), and making sure that the prices Starbucks paid were sufficient to allow farmers to cover their production costs and provide for their families. In addition, the companys resoluteness to provide excellent standards in the roasting and serving of coffee is supported by Starbucks rigorous training program for all its partners/baristas.The program includes a minimum of 24 hours of training in the first two to four weeks of training and involves classes in coffee history, drink preparation, coffee knowledge and customer service. The enthusiastic development of satisfied customers all of the time. It is clear that Schultz is adamant about ensuring that customers are provided with the best experience every time they visit a Starbucks coffee shop. This meant paying careful attention to what pleases their customers.The company employs a customer-centric culture where they are trained to take extra measures to ensure that the customer was fully satisfied, and to employ a just say yes theme to customer requests. Make a positive contribution to the communi ties in which we operate our business. In order to give back to the communities in which their numerous shops reside, the company participates in many philanthropic events which are coordinated by the Starbucks Foundation. Some of their activities include participation in local charitable projects as well as community development activities.Recognition of profitability as essential to our success. Starbucks is aware that in being able to deliver in all of the aforementioned areas, that it will be able to enjoy the success that its shareholders desire. As a result, the company believes that it is fully accountable to performing well in each of these areas so that Starbucks and its various stakeholders can continue to endure and thrive. 5. What values does Starbucks have? How well do they connect to the strategy and the way the company conducts its business? 6. Social Responsibility * C. A. F.E Coffee and Farmer Equity- Partnership in which Starbucks sought to develop practices to h elp farmers grow high-quality coffees in ways that were good for the planet. This covered practices such as safe and humane working conditions including compliance with minimum wage requirements and child labor provisions) and environmental responsibility P359 * Definition for social responsibility- Wikipedia Starbucks corporate culture involves the moral binding of partners to run the companys operations with consideration of the well-being of others around them.Ie the company purchases a growing percentage of coffees that Starbucks purchases are grown organically without the use of chemical fertiliziers, pesticides and herbicides. This supports the companys devotion to socially responsible practices. Such efforts helps in maintaining the cleanliness of groundwater and prevents degradation of environmental ecosystems nearby. embrace As indicated by its countless efforts to manage business in a way that promotes social and environmental concern, Starbucks has very strong dedication to its corporate social responsibility.Not only has this effort to build a company with soul has also been ingrained in the companys mission statement, Starbucks has also received wide recognition for its efforts in this area. In fact in 2010, the company was named to Corporate Responsibilitys list of The 100 Best Corporate Citizens for the 10th time. In addition the company has received over 25 awards for its efforts in the areas of philanthropic, community service and environmental activities.As one of its most noteworthy efforts, in 1997 the company established The Starbucks Foundation to organize the companys philanthropic undertakings. Under the Foundation, many of its coffee shops participated in regular charity events and community improvement initiatives. Starbucks social responsibility is also reflected in its generosity towards worthy causes. For example, in 2005 the company made a $5 million, five year commitment to aid in the relief and recovery of victims of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita.More recently in 2010, the company also donated funding worth $1 million to support the American Red Cross efforts to provide relief for those who survived the earthquake in Haiti. In view of such devout efforts to these environment and humanitarian concerns, it can definitely be argued that Starbucks social responsibility strategy is genuine. The companys past and continued devotion to such undertakings support this conjecture, making it evident that Starbucks is true to its cause and is not only publicizing its social responsibility strategy to instil a positive image in its takeholders. 7. Assessment of Starbucks financial performance during 2005-2009? 8. Assessment of Schultzs Transformation Agenda for Starbucks during 2008-2010? (C-363-C-363) Has he done a good job since his return as Starbucks CEO? Why or why not? While Howard Schultz has managed to instil a very strong corporate culture based on delivering the best customer experience possible during his tenu re at Starbucks, it seems that the guidance of the company under Jim Donald as CEO starting in 2006 has brought on cultural change.The introduction of Donald as the new CEO has brought on two factors of cultural change as indicated in Figure 1 below shifting internal conditions (brought on by Donalds assumption of role as Starbucks CEO) and rapid growth of the firm through his introduction of an aggressive corporate culture that pursued rapid store expansion at the expense of the long-established commitment to customer service.This new focus on aggressive growth with less emphasis on maintaining customer relationships spurred uneasiness amongst member of Starbucks board and eroded customer traffic in US stores starting in 2007. Investors became distressed about the companys steadily declining stock price. As a result, in January of 2008, Starbucks asked Howard Schultz to overtake his original position as CEO. Thus he proposed to fix the inefficiencies that impaired Starbucks origina l customer-centric culture.This initiative was set out in a very well-developed set of directives which came to be known as Schultzs 2008-2010 transformation agenda. By analyzing the various steps necessary in trying to implement change in a problem culture (shown in Figure 2 below), one can see that Schultzs actions and numerous objectives as set out in his agenda are congruent with those outlined in these steps.Step1 Identify facets of the present culture that are conducive to good strategy execution and those that are not In his letter to All Starbucks Partners written in February 2008, Schultz makes it clear what he believes is necessary to return Starbucks at its original competitive position. Of the utmost importance is Howard Schultzs address of the waning of Starbucks emphasis on providing a distinct quality customer experience. He indicates has concern by saying We are in the people business and always have beenIt means you make the difference.We succeed in the marketplaceb y embracing the values, guiding principles and culture of our company and bringing it to life one customer at a time. As a result, in his letter Schultz affirms his goal to reintroduce a renewed clarity of purpose devoted to a laser-focused customer experience. Another of these beliefs is his continued persistence to include all employees as partners in the effort to move the company to success. Schultz continues to encourage employees to voice their opinions on how to improve the companys operations.This makes evident Schultz s belief in holding serious esteem of the opinions of employees. Such a practice is conductive to good strategy execution as he states thank you for your ideas and suggestionskeep them coming. No one knows our business and our customers better than you. Step 2 Specify what new actions, behaviors and work practices should be prominent in the new culture With regards to revitalizing the companys original customer-centric focus, Schultz clearly states we are no t going to embrace the status quo.Instead we will be curious, bold and innovative in our actions and, in doing so, we will exceed the expectation of our customers. In addition Schultz outlines several new objectives in his transformation agenda which establishes the new culture. By analyzing some of these, it becomes evident that much prudence was taken in developing these objectives to correct some of Schultzs own past inefficiencies.For example, instead of continuing an aggressive expansion policy, the agenda sets out to slow the pace of new store openings in the US, as well as closing 900 underperforming company-operated stores in the US, which were in close proximity of an existing Starbucks store and cannibalizing on its customer base. Step 3 Talk openly about the problems of the present culture and how new behaviors will improve company performance 9. Issues that confront the company as of mid 2010? What should management be worried about? 10. Recommendations to Schultz to su stain the companys growth and support continued strong financial performance?

Consumer Behavior Tv Advertising

Television advertisements are paid for by an organization (usually a business) to convey a message and to market or promote a specific product or service. These advertisements can range in length from a few seconds to several minutes and have been used since 1941. These advertisements usually cross the prospected consumers attention and often times persuade them to urchasing the product or service.This type of advertisement is in the form of entertainment and needs to be creative. Humor is unrivalled of the most widely used techniques in advertising around the world, with about one out of every five television ads containing humorous appeals, but do they actually get us to laugh or smile. Despite the wide array of contemporary advertising formats and media, television advertising remains the most paramount form to which typical consumers are exposed.Research on attitudes toward advertising in general (Att-AiG) implicitly assumes that the Att-AiG measure represents advertising as a whole. A major conclusion of the current research is that consumers tend to have a mental representation, or exemplar, of the most typical type of advertisingtelevision advertisingwhen they televtston advertising. To test for typicality set up on reported Att-AiG, we conducted an experiment to test that Att-AiG is closely related to attitudes toward television advertising (Att- TV, ereafter), because television advertising is activated when participants report their Att-AiG.he experiment was a one-factor-between-group build with seven groups one control group and six experimental groups. A total of 134 undergraduate students from the same population as Study 1 participated in the experiment. Participants were randomly assigned to one of the seven conditions. Gender was balanced. Advertising and marketing students were not included in the experiment.. Each of the 33 items was tested across the 7 conditions via ANOVA and post hoc ests.

Community Service Project

(a) What does community service/volunteerism mean to you? * I define volunteerism as a service performed for the benefit of others with little or no benefit to the person verbalizeing show up the service. unmatchable whitethorn volunteer for many reasons but these should not include expecting to receive an income or publicity for urinate being d angiotensin-converting enzyme. One benefit that a volunteer may realise up to now is growing their knowledge base ab egress the activity in which they are combat-ready. One should think ab fall out the ways which they stop suffice their community a better place to live for themselves and everyone else.Its really not that hard, carrying out simple actions like helping an elderly person to cross the road or donating your unworn clothes to persons who have a greater emergency for it can be classified as volunteerism. (b) Which two of the four goals of dream 2030 do you think is most closely linked to community service/volunteerism? W hy? * Of the four goals of visual sense 2030, I think that the first goal- Jamaicans are empowered to achieve their fullest potential and the twenty-five percent goal- Jamaica has a natural healthy environment would be the two most closely linked to volunteerism.Through personal empowerment, volunteers may try out to realize their full potential by conveying to themselves tasks which exit benefit them as swell as the society in which they live. Volunteers may seek to assist persons with additional training they may need as well as school projects. This is done in effort to bring forth well move individuals. The final goal of Vision 2030 states that Jamaica has a natural and healthy environment. Volunteers can help Jamaica to achieve this by cleaning up their environment and various communities. By doing so, they go out have helped to create healthy and at ease surroundings for all citizens. c) Select one of the two goals discussed in (b) and suggest ways you can turn over to achieving this goal through your community service. * I believe that I can help to carry out goal four of Vision 2030. The Bible (NIV) utters in 1st Peter 410 each of you should exercising whatever gift you have received to serve others, as faithful stewards of Gods grace in its various forms and so I believe that each and every one of us were made stewards of this Earth and that it is our responsibility to give birth care of the environment and all things in it.Stewardship aids in the development of society and so I will take it upon myself to volunteer at Hope menagerie Preservation so I can develop better work ethics, make good use of my free time as well as help the organization to return to its actor glory. This includes participating in cleanup activities, carrying out administrative tasks and doing everything else in my power to facilitate smooth operation so that visitors will always remember Hope menagerie not just as a trade good but as an experience. Lecturers Sig nature________________________ conformation Date___________________________ Reflection Piece 2 a. Identify your agency and soon discuss the history, goals and objectives of the agency. * The organization that I have been contributing to for a greater cause is Hope Zoo which is located on Old Hope Road, Kgn 6 in St. Andrew, Jamaica. The refuge, a section of the Hope botanical Gardens and Zoo was originally a part of Hope Estate which was owned and operated by Richard Hope- a former commander in the British army- who had been gifted the estate in return for helping Britain take apply of Jamaica.What we now know as Hope Botanical Gardens and Zoo is the largest in the Caribbean and is just 200 solid ground of the estate which was bought by the Government to establish an experimental garden for foreign species in the late nineteenth century. One very important moment in the history of Hope Gardens is Queen Elizabeth IIs visit in 1953. Hope Zoo has been undergoing some major restorat ion changes over the years and in 2005, the Nature Preservation Foundation (NPF) took charge.The NPF intends to develop and manage Hope Zoo and the Royal Botanic Gardens as a sustainable celerity for environmental education, applied research, recreation, wildlife and flora conservation for Jamaica and the region and to position the facility as part of the Tourism Product. b. Bearing the Vision 2030 goal you selected in smoothenion 1 in mind, identify a set of objectives you aim to fulfill in your assignment at the agency. * I chose the fourth goal of Vision 2030- Jamaica has a natural healthy environment.The objectives I aim to fulfill in my assignment at Hope Zoo include participating in cleanup activities so that the staff, guests as well as animals can benefit from existing in a clean environment carrying out administrative tasks in an attempt to lessen the work load of the administrative department as well as being readily available to any visitor who may have questions or ne ed help with something in an attempt to facilitate smooth operation. c. Discuss the specific steps you will take to accomplish these objectives. In order to accomplish these objectives, I will ensure my early arrival to the institution each time I am on duty and immediately report to my supervisor for a list of my duties for the day. I will then proceed to complete my tasks which will revolve around the objectives mentioned preceding(prenominal) as well as observing my surroundings to see what else needs to be done and how I can make a contribution. These steps will be completed in an effort to make Hope Zoo a better place and in agreement with Vision 2030 Jamaica.Lecturers Signature________________________ debut Date___________________________ Reflection Piece 3 a. Identify some of the problems/issues you experienced during your placement. * This has been a very good experience, however I did not particularly appreciate being harassed by a particular zoo keeper on more than one o ccasions during my forty hours of service. b. To what extent did problems you encountered/witnessed in your placement reflect problems prevalent in the wider Jamaican society? Being troubled or provoked by persons in the workplace causes discomfort and disagreement. This is mostly done out of envy or jealousy. One worker may do it to get another worker angry enough to react violently, no doubt acquire into problems with the manager and possibly losing his/her job. Either way, victims of this are often not very happy with their jobs and so productivity levels tend to decrease. There may also be a lack of interest in complementary tasks efficiently as workers would have lost focus. c.What impact do you think these problems will have on our ability to achieve the goals laid out in Vision 2030? * I believe that provocation betwixt workers will have an impact on the countrys ability to achieve goal one -Jamaicans are empowered to reach their fullest potential and goal 3 -Jamaicas econ omy is prosperous. Jamaicans will not have reached their fullest potential by 2030 if there is constant workplace harassment or violence as this would have caused their interest and determination levels to decrease.If a workers determination and desire to carry out his/her duties effectively decreases, productivity levels will also decrease and so Jamaicas economy will not be as prosperous we want it to be by 2030. d. What solution did you employ to cite the problem? * I addressed the problem by having a private chat with the person nearly my issue as well as possible implications of workplace harassment on the business itself. I made sure he understood my position and we came to a truce. I can honestly say this worked wonders as up until this point we have not had another conflict. Lecturers Signature Submission Date ____________________

Development Of Mathematical Understanding Education Essay

1.0 Introduction1.1 What is originative melted how it is make and what is it composed ofSeminal still is a snapper comprise in many male species intimate fat secretory variety meat. Semen is the nebulose etiolated organic social system melted that is emitted from the urethra of the phallus during insertion. It is made up of a assortment of molecules and mobile phones much(prenominal) as leukocytes, proteolytic and opposite enzymes every sharpness good as fruit sugar and is a specialty for elimination and transit of spermatozoonatozoon cellatozoan cellatozoonatozoonatozoanatozoanatozoan cell. In the gracious male species, production occurs in the prostate secretory variety meat and gonadal which argon slightly thankless sex accoutrement secretory organs until they give way or cease to work at all with the prevailing effectuate being drastically bring low the rates of birth rate.Semen is composed largely of H2O, alike(p)ly about 90 % by cant. After that , it s a mixture of amino acids ( proteins ) , minerals, saccharides ( sugars ) , and a little figure of other things. Semen has a staple fiber pH degree intending it is the antonym of virulent by nature this is to antagonize and neutralize the vagina s acidic pH and increase the sperm cell s opportunities of endurance.Beginning ( hypertext transfer communications protocol //www.orgasmpower.net/semen-production.hypertext markup language ) in addition sperm, seeds is made of secernments from the seven lower urinary piece of land pretendions. These constructions include germinal cysts ( which account for 60-70 % of the wandering ) , prostatic secretory organ ( which accounts for 20-30 % ) and the staying per centum is sh atomic number 18d by the epididymis, watercraft deferens, ampullae of the vessel, Cowper s secretory organs and secretory organs of Littre. Semen itself has adequate(prenominal) concentrations of K, Zn, citric acid, fructose, phosphorylcholine, spermine, free amino acids, prostaglandins and enzymes, which nourish and protect the sperm. Beginning ( hypertext transfer protocol //www.menstuff.org/issues/byissue/semen.html funfacts )SourceA hypertext transfer protocol //www.proceptin.com/phc/sperm-cell.phpMain Production sitesASeminal fluid is largely produced in four topographic points in the seminal cysts, the male testicles, the prostate secretory organ and in the Cowper s secretory organs.The Seminal Vesicles This is where the milklike black-and-blue protein based substance ( semenogelin I and II ) that seeds largely consists of is chiefly produced ( Ulvs top et al. 1992 ) .A These semenogelins interact with separately other and coagulumate later onward interjection ( Aumuller and Riva 1992 ) . ( Spermatozoa wellness depends on this substance for foods which they will utilize to prolong them on their manner to fecundate the feminine ova.A This fluid is likewise alkalic in nature and helps to neutralize the acidic conditions w ithin the female rich system.The Male Testes This is the organ where the production of sperm cells occurs. Spermatozoa cells be cultivated here until they mature. After that they ar so stored in the Ampulla where they wait to be ejaculated out of the organic structure. They atomic number 18 besides protected by glycocalyx secernments from the testicle, motorial cigargontteals, epididymis and accessary secretory organs ( Schroeter et al. 1999 ) .The Prostate Gland The prostate secretory organ besides produces an alkalic solution that acts as a protective barrier for the sperm cells against the sourness of the female sexual productive environment. The pH of the fluid is maintained above 7 by the action of prostate prostasomes ( et Al. 1999 ) . The fluid produced, is a protastic serine peptidase and helps the liquification of the semenogelins clot ( Peter et al. 1998 ) The prostate is besides an of import beginning of superoxide anion aggregators in worlds ( Gavella et al. 1996 )A The Cowper s Glands These secretory organs produce a clear slippery liquid besides known as pre-cum which is excreted during arousal or sexual rousing.A It is produced by the Cowper s or bulbouretheral secretory organs and creates a medium for which sperm burn be transported and swim in through the male reproductive piece of land and acts as a lubricator to cut down clash during sexual activity.Seminal fluid Composition and affairsSemens contains citric acid, free amino acids, fructose, enzymes, phosphorylcholine, prostaglandin, K, and Zn. The mean volume of seeds produced in a individual interjection varies from 2 to 5 milliliter. The seeds from a individual interjection whitethorn incorporate between 40 one million million and 600 million sperm, depending on the volume of the semen and the length of clip since the last interjection. Samples used for medical intents are obtained by guideing the giver masturbate. If a sample can non be produced without sexual intercourse, n on-reactive rubbers can be used to roll up the seeds.The use of secernment of seminal fluid in male mammals is in the long run under androgenic and estrogenic ensure, with a intensifying burden happening between these two types of gonadal steroids ( Reaside et al. 1999 ) . Oxytocin secreted by the posterior hypophysis, lactogenic hormone secreted by the front tooth can besides predominate activity of sexual accoutrement secretory organs in mammals ( Gemmell and Sernia 1989 Kumar and Farooq 1994 Gonzalez et Al. 1994 Watson et Al. 1999 ) .There is a general consensus that the terce major functional facets of seminal fluid are, its function in sperm competition, its map to help richness and in conclusion its function in the transmittal of venereal diseases. This is due to the composing of the seminal fluid being attri justed to the secernment of many variant create from raw stuffs and that are under the control of a assortment of antithetic constituents of the neuroendocri ne system. The functionality of the seminal fluid constituents may be duplicated but in the mental process they will synergize and musical accompaniment each other. As an illustration, increased immunosuppressive action of the seminal fluid on the female generative piece of land aimed at increasing sperm viability may besides ease the transmittal of sexually catching pathogens, thitherfore increasing the choice force per unit area on females to get the break up of immunosuppression. ( Birkhead et al. 1993 ) .Seminal fluid is responsible for sperm capacitation for the ability to fertilise female s egg cell. Besides some proteins secreted by male accessary secretory organs take aim been implicated in the procedure of sperm capacitation. ( Gillott 1996 ) . Structural proteins of the spermatophre that are secreted by sex accoutrement secretory organs, much(prenominal) as trehalase and sugars such(prenominal) as trehalose, may play a function in the activation of sperm within the fe male s Bursa copulatrix ( Yaginuma et al. 1996 ) . The procedure of capacitation of sperm involves the acquisition of a coat of saccharides that from the glycocalyx ( Schroeter et al. 1999 ) . Most of those saccharides are attached to proteins organizing glycoprotein composites that are produced by accessary secretory organs and other tissues of the male generative system. Acquisition of a glycocalyx is vital in some taxa for the attainment of full capacitation of sperm and fertilizing ability. ( Schroeter et al.1999 ) .In work forces, accessary secretory organs secrete 5-necleotidase, an enzyme that hydrolyses nuleotides into phosphate and nucleosides, which may play a function in the alteration of sperm surface during capacitation ( Konrad et al. 1998 ) . Capacitation in human sperm is besides increased by tripeptide amides lay out in seminal plasma ( Khan et al. 1992 ) .Other endocrines and substances are besides put in in seminal fluid such as, edothelin which facilitates tr ansit of sperm and besides heighten sperm motions through the womb by myometrial contraction stimulation ( casey et Al. 1992 ) . The like is the instance with bradykinin which helps transporation by its smooth musculus loosen uping belongingss ( Charlse Worth et Al. 1999 ) .1.2 Which metals nurture been found in seminal fluid and why?The interaction between metals and biomeolecules are important and major in biologic categorizations. The metals preponderantly determine many metabolic reactions and fewer of them cat as the aetiological agents in environmentally induced neurological upsets.Aluminum, surface, Mg, Ca and lead hints can be round in seminal fluid in edge ionic signifier. These metals are of course found in minor hints and have an graze of effects and utilizations and are collected in diametrical avenues. It has been suggested that heavy metals may watch inauspicious impacts on male generative wellness Benoff S, Jacob A, Hurley, 2000 Telisman.S et Al, 2000 even a t comparatively low exposures Telisman.S et Al 2007 . The heavy metals may adversely impact the male generative system, either by bring oning hypothalamic-pituitary axis break or by direct seeds step decrease during spermatogenesis Wyrobek AJ et Al 1997 .Several metals are suspected endocrinal disruptor compounds and/or generative poisonous substances such as chiefly lead ( Pb ) and Cd ( Cd ) . Human populations could be exposed to heavy metals at hint concentrations normally through consumption of pollute H2O and solid food or contact with contaminated air or dirt.Blood and seminal Pb concentrations every bit good as seeds quality among both occupationally exposed and unexposed work forces has been studied and concluded to open a important opposite association De Rosa M et Al 2003 JurasoviA J et Al 2004 Telisman.S et Al, 2000, Eibensteiner L et Al 2005 . Cadmium has been connected to impaired seeds quality and altered hormonal degrees in work forces Pant N et Al 2003, Telisman.S et Al, 2000, Akinloye O et Al 2006 Zeng X et Al 2002 . Although Cd has been considered as an hormone disruptor, the mechanisms involved are non yet clear Henson MC et Al 2004 . Mercury ( Hg ) has been found to bring on abnormalcies in sperm morphology and relocation in animate being vito surveies Mohamed MK et Al, 1987 Rao Mv et Al, 1989 . Choy et Al. Choy CM et Al, 2002 described Hg concentrations in seminal fluid and sperm abnormalcies in subfertile males. But contrary to that, Meeker et Al. Meeker JD et Al 2008 discounted that claim after happening no relationship between seeds quality and Hg degrees in line of descent.hypertext transfer protocol //www.ehjournal.net/ marrow/10/1/6 surfaceThe intent of seminal plasma Zn on sperm maps has been a overthrow of involvement to many scientists. zinc organs from the prostate is good established and found in seminal plasma as Zn citrate or edge to glycoprotein derived from seminal cysts ( Marmar et al. 1975, Ar ver 1982, Arver and Eliasson 1982 Kavanagh 1983 Lafond et Al. 1986 ) has been recognised since 1921 ( Bertrand and Vladesco, 1921 )It has been found that Zn is indispensable to the decondensation of chromatin at the right clip every bit good as stableness. ( kvist et Al. 1987,1988 ) . Zinc is thought to play a function as a refinisher of an built-in mechanism for head-tail secession of sperm cell ( Bjorndahl and Kvist, 1982 ) . The entire benefit or injury of Zn is vague because it has been reported that mellowed degrees of Zn concentrations have been cerebrate to lowered sperm mortality, whilst others have reported that high Zn contentedness in seminal plasma to be associated with a high grade of sperm cell motion ( Stankovic and Mikac-Devic, 1976 Caldamone et Al. 1979 ) .Zinc lack is associated with hypogonadism and deficient development of secondary sex features in worlds ( Prasad, 1991 ) . Besides high Zn concentrations have been reported to deject oxygen consumption in t he sperm cell ( Huacuja et al. , 1973 Foresta et al. , 1990 ) , and albumin-induced acrosome reaction ( Foresta et al. , 1990 ) . Zinc has besides been found to be responsible for the antibacterial activity of seminal plasma ( Fair et al. 1976 ) and decreases in degrees are seen in prostate infections ( Marmar et al. 1975, Abyholm et Al. 1981 Papadimas et Al. 1983 ) .The entire Zn content in seeds from mammals was found to be at high degrees, and Zn has been found to be critical to spermatogenesis. But Zn can besides do wasting of the seminiferous tubules in the rat and ensuing in the failure in spermatogenesis ( Millar et al. , 1958 Underwood, 1977 Endre et al. , 1990 ) . Besides, high concentrations of Zinc have been reported to deject oxygen consumption in the sperm cell ( Huacuja et al. , 1973 Foresta et al. , 1990 ) , and albumin-induced acrosome reaction ( Foresta et al. , 1990 ) . Consiquently there have been conflicting studies on the consequence of seminal Zn on sperm motility ( Stankovic and Mikac-Devic, 1976 Danscher et al. ,1978 Caldamone et al. , 1979 Lewis-Jones et al. , 1996 ) . ane such struggle arises when it is demonstrated that chelation of Zn ions affects sperm motility ( Saito et al. , 1967 Danscher and Rebbe, 1974 ) , and it has been suggested that bioavailable Zn edge to vesicular high molecular burthen proteins instead than entire seminal Zn should be a step of the consequence of Zn on sperm map ( Bjorndahl et al. , 1991 Carpino et al. , 1998 ) .hypertext transfer protocol //molehr.oxfordjournals.org/content/5/4/331.full.pdf+htmlLike zinc Mg besides originates chiefly from the prostate secretory organ and the degrees of this component in seminal plasma reflect prostate map ( Eliasson and Lindhomer, 1972 ) . The Mg degrees normally closely correlative with those of zinc concentrations ( Adamopoulos and Deliyiannis, 1983 ) .Lead a metal best known for being environmentally unwholesome doing it teratogenic and abortifacient. L ead establishment in animate beings causes sterility. Lead is non of course present in high sums in the organic structure but can be increased due to in dustrial exposure. The lead exposure has been observed to do teratospermia and to expose positive correlativity to blood lead degrees ( Lancranjan et al.1975 ) .Seminal fluid is rich in Ca and helps modulate sperm map as the concentration of Ca in seeds determines sperm motility, the ability of sperm to travel. However surveies show that an increased concentration of Ca ion was damaging to human sperm motility.Calcium is of import for sperm physiology including motility ( Morton et al. , 1974 Lindemann et al. , 1987 ) , metamorphosis ( Peterson and Freund, 1976 ) , acrosome reaction, and fertilisation ( Yanagimachi and Usui, 1974 Yanagimachi, 1981 ) . The function of seminal Ca in sperm motility is, nevertheless, non to the full understood. doubting Thomas and Meizel ( 1988 ) found chelation of extracellular Ca ions with EGTA to suppress acrosome reaction, but at the same clip to h old(a) no consequence on motility.Metals are omnipresent at low degree concentrations and are ingested by the general population either voluntarily through addendums or involuntarily through consumption of contaminated nutrient and H2O or contact with contaminated dirt, dust, or air.Some metals, such as Cd, lead, arsenic, and quicksilver, are incidental xenobiotics that can be measured in most of the general popu- lation Centers for Disease Control and measure ( CDC ) 2005 . Because widespread human exposure and organic structure load have been demonstrated, there is turning foreboding for inauspicious wellness effects associated with low-level exposures encountered in the environment. Human and carnal grounds suggests that these metals may hold inauspicious impacts on male generative wellness at comparatively low lev- ELs. For illustration, Cd has been coupled to hapless human seeds quality and DNA deterioration ( Telisman et al. 2000 Xu et Al. 2003 ) Pb may adversely impact sperm miscellany, motility, and DNA unity ( Eibensteiner et al. 2005 Hernandez-Ochoa et Al. 2005 Jurasovic et Al. 2004 Telisman et al. 2007 ) and methyl- quicksilver is associated with sperm abnormalcies in subfertile males ( Choy et al. 2002 ) . However, human informations on nonoccupationalExposure to these metals has been limited ( e.g. , Hg ) , missing ( e.g. , As ) , or inconsistent across surveies ( e.g. , Cd ) . We designed the present batch to look for relationships between these incidental metals and seeds quality among work forces with exposure degrees that are likely to be representative of those found among the U.S. general population.Several other metals, such as Cr, Cu, manganese, Mo, Se, and Zn, are indispensable for good wellness but may be harmful above authentic degrees Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry ( ATSDR ) 2003, 2004, 2005 Greger 1999 install of Medicine ( IOM ) 2001 . For exa m- ple, Cr, Mn, and Cu, which act as cofactors for a assortment of of import enzymes, have been associated with decreased seeds quality in gnawers and in worlds ( Adejuwon et al. 1996 Huang et Al. 2000 Kumar et Al. 2005 Telisman et al. 2000 Wirth et Al. 2007 ) . Mo is besides an of import cofactor for a limited num- ber of human enzymes and has demonstrated generative perniciousness in carnal surveies ( IOM 2001 ) . On the other manus, low doses of metals such as Cu, Se, and Zn may hold protective effects on male generative results ( Benofft al. 1997 Evenson et Al. 1993 Lyubimov et Al. 2004 Olson et Al. 2005 ) and may help in antagonizing the effects of Cd, Pb, or other metals ( Telisman et al. 2000 Xu et Al. 2003 ) . Because the come-at-able exists for a figure of metals to positively or negatively affect male nurture either separately or together, we besides included these metals in our analysis. This wk represents the most comprehensive look back to mean solar day of the month on metal exposures at environ- mental degrees and human seeds quality.hypertext transfer protocol //www.scribd.com/doc/7905524/Cadmium-Lead-and-Other-Metals-in-Relation-to-Semen-Quality-Human-Evidence-for-Molybdenum-as-a-Male-Reproductive-ToxicantTable 1.1 demoing the effects of different metals on male generative systemThe tabular array below shows what Marthur and her co-workers found on how different metals affect the human male and male animate beings generative systems.Table taken from Journal of biologic Science by Marthur et al. , 2010The human race is going much and more industrialised and at the same time urbanised. This is one of many factors which has induced the effects of ionic edge metals in male generative systems and caused worldwide qui vive ( Chowdhury, 2009 Turgut et Al. 2003 ) . Marthur et al. , 2010 were looking at one of the most toxic and inauspicious effects with in the human males generative system.An inflow in natural stuffs ingestion rates an d graduated table has made the social movement of metal compounds in the environment of all time more omnipresent. Anthropogenetic activities have been established as one of the prima causes for ecotoxicological effects. Metallic elements are various in composing and toxic stoping points, so they can non portion an exact chemical footing in toxicology. Metallic elements in ionic signifier have a inclination to be sensitive and extremely reactive which means that they can respond with biological elements, such as the human male generative system in a figure of different ways. This in consequence allows exogenic metals to exercise toxic effects that are straight linked to steric re-arrangement which has been found to be responsible for biomolecule mal map. ( Kasprzak, 2002 and Kasprzak et al. , 2003 ) .After consumption, metals can easy flux to the male generative system where the procedure of spermatogenesis is odd vulnerable to changes. Similarly, the metals can interact and respo nd with familial make-up of the human male endocrines. subaltern sperm mortality and has been established to be a direct consequence of exposure to metals.Looking back at this reappraisal it can be easy deduced that the toxicity and sensitiveness of metals can be loosely attributed to the hormonal change and spermatogenesis break and or malfunction.( hypertext transfer protocol //scialert.net/fulltext/ ? doi=jbs.2010.396.404 & A org=11 )1.3 A brief debut to atomic number 13Aluminum can be found bounteously in our environment. It is the 3rd most wide component in the flat coat s crust, stand foring 8 % by weight of the entire constituents ( Martin, 1997 ) . The worlds are necessarily and invariably exposed to atomic number 13. High contents of atomic number 13 can be found in some stones after the lithospheric rhythm where it is introduced into the primer coat s crust. Weathering of these stones is what causes aluminum-rich minerals to fade out, which forms indissoluble cl ay-like stuffs that finally are re-introduced into the Earth s crust by deposit. Aluminium returns into the magma by farther subduction, which in bend completes the rhythm ( Exley, 2003 )The ally clay like stuffs play a important function in the lithospheric rhythm of atomic number 13 so efficient ( Exely, 2003 ) these along with the hydroxyaluminosilicates, startle the aluminum content so that it does non over concentrate the biotic rhythm. usually aluminium enters the encephalon through the blood-brain barrier ( BBB ) . It is suspected that the aluminum enters the encephalon by receptor-mediated endocytosis as a compound with beta globulin ( Roskams and Connor, 1990 ) . it has been reported that aluminum can come in into the encephalon as a compound with beta globulin which is bound to citrate through a specific transporter, Xca? ( l-glutamate/l-cysteine ) system money modifier is the most likely agent as explained by Nagaswa. ( Nagasawa et al 2005 ) . High aluminum consumption has been related to the appearence a neurodegenerative disease ( Perl & A Moalem, 2006 Kawahara, 2005 ) .Aluminium has no biological benefit ( Yokel 2002 ) . It is a poison associated with some medical conditions such dialysis brain disorder ( Alfrey etA al. , 1976 ) , osteomalacia ( Parkinson etA al. , 1979 ) , and it has been found to hold links with many other diseases including Alzheimer s disease ( Exley 1999 Gupta etA al. , 2005 ) , Parkinson s disease ( PD Yasui etA al. , 1992 ) , and amyotrophic sidelong induration ( Kurland, 1988 ) .1.4 How are worlds exposed to aluminium?There are several avenues which worlds can be exposed to aluminium due to its natural teemingness in the environment. hints can be found in nutrient, H2O and air and even more sums can be intentionally introduced by worlds ( Miller et al. , 1984 Cech and Montera. , 2000 Lettermann and Driscoll. , 1988 ) . Aluminium compounds can be found in pharmaceuticals like alkalizers, anodynes and antiperspira nts. They are besides used in H2O encumbrance processes as coagulators and can even be found as metal in mundane consumer merchandises like foil paper and take by nutrient boxes. Aluminium compounds are besides found in about all workss. Edible workss that are of course high in aluminum include murphies, Spinacia oleracea and tea foliages ( WHO, 1998 ) . A recent survey at Keele University besides warned that unnecessarily high sums of aluminum are being used in the trickery of baby powdered milk and that the aluminum content of expressions prepared from powdery milks was significantly higher than ready-to-wear milks, ensuing in babies consuming up to 600 I?g of aluminum per twenty-four hours Exley and Burrell, 2010. Pregnant large females may be potentially exposed to aluminium through the diet ( including imbibing H2O ) , dust and dirt consumption and some medicines ( Roig et al. , 2006 ) . Surveies have proven that aluminum is a major subscriber to pathologies such as dialys is dementedness, iron-adequate microcytic anemia, osteomalacia ( Suwalsky et al. , 2004 and Domingo, 2006 ) Over the past 40 old ages the controversial inquiry refering the possible function for aluminium neurotoxicity in lending to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer s disease has been debated but remains unsolved.hypertext transfer protocol //www.sciencedirect.com/science? _ob=ArticleURL & A _udi=B6TCN-4P6VDVC-2 & A _user=128592 & A _coverDate=10 % 2F08 % 2F2007 & A _rdoc=1 & A _fmt=high & A _orig=gateway & A _origin=gateway & A _sort=d & A _docanchor= & A view=c & A _acct=C000010620 & A _version=1 & A _urlVersion=0 & A _userid=128592 & A md5=ab46010ee2e9fa0fa7782f2dba6ebd0e & A searchtype=a1.5 What do we already know about aluminum and seminal fluidSo far I have found out that although aluminum is largely a harmful metal with no direct biological benefit ( Yokel, 2002 ) , it is found in copiousness in our environment. ( Martin, 1997 ) .Aluminium in high concentratio ns was linked to reduced sperm motility ability ( Hovatta et al. , 1998 ) . It is besides responsible for impaired sperm quality. Research was undertaken to detect the underlying disagreements between sperm quality and geographic location by Hovatta and co-workers. repayable to miss of elucidation as to factors doing the diminution, surveies to analyze seeds quality and the concentrations of aluminum, Cd and lead in sperm cell and seminal plasma in a group of employees of a refinery and a polyolefin mill and the consequences were compared with informations obtained from samples from sperm banking concern seeds quality ( Hovatta et al.,1998 ) .The survey discovered that the average sperm concentrations were similar in the mill employees ( 96H106/ml ) . The sperm giver campaigners of the comparing group had a important dispute of ( 104H106/ml ) in 352 giver campaigners at the sperm bank of the Family Federation of Finland ( 107H106/ml ) between May 1993 and May 1995 ( Hovvatta et al. , 1998 ) .Research done in Finland discovered that high and unchanged sperm counts have been found ( Suominen and Vierula, 1993 Vierula et al. , 1996 ) . In contrast to that, two autopsy series of middle-aged Finnish work forces showed an addition in the incidence of upsets of spermatogenesis between the old ages 1981 and 1991 was unveil ( Pajarinen et al. , 1997 ) . meantime, decreased birthrate in Britain ran parallel with that in Finland, based on differences in the clip to construct ( Joffe, 1996 ) . Regional differences were besides apparent in the USA, with the highest mean sperm concentration being found in New York ( 131.03106/ml ) and ( A European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology ) 115 the lowest in California ( 72.73106/ml ) ( Fisch et al. , 1996 ) . A little addition in sperm concentration between the old ages 1972 and 1993 was seen in Seattle, Washington ( Paulsen et al. , 1996 ) .It has been suggested that environmental factors played a function in t he diminution observed in Europe, particularly environmental oestrogens ( Sharpe and Skakkebaek, 1993 ) . Oestrogens have besides been suggested to hold caused the addition seen in the incidence of cryptorchidy and testicular malignant neoplastic disease ( Sharpe and Skakkebaek, 1993 Skakkebaek and Keiding, 1994 ) . Heavy metals are potentially pollutants that may be harmful to sperm production. Exposure due to business or geographics to several metals is known to impair sperm quality ( Schrag and Dixon, 1985 ) . Substances such as lead and Cd concentrations have been measured in human seeds, seminal plasma, sperm cell, blood and piss, and high concentrations have been found to be related to impaired sperm quality ( Lancranjan et al. , 1975 Plechaty et al. , 1977 Braunstein et al. , 1978 Pleban and Mei, 1983 Stanwell-Smith et al. , 1983 Thomas and Borgan, 1983 Saaranen et al. , 1987, 1989 Chia et al. , 1992 Hu et al. , 1992 Xu et al. , 1993 ) . In several auditions, many metals have besides been shown to be harmful with respect to testicular map and sperm production ( Alabi et al. , 1985 ) . Aluminum may good be one of the possible pollutants, because it reduces the weight of the testicles and was seen to do reduced epididymal sperm counts in the mouse ( Llobet et al. , 1979 ) .When aluminum is ingested in big sums, it leads to accumulation in certain mark variety meats such as the homo and animate being testicular tissues which consequences in harm occurring. The of long-run ingestion of aluminum showed suppressive effects on sexual behavior, diminish in birthrate and aggressive behavior ( Bataineh et al. , 1998 ) . There is grounds implicating androgenic endocrines involved in mechanisms of aluminum toxicity on male reproduction ( Sharpe, 1990 ) . To add to that, Guo et Al. ( 2005a ) carried out trials that proved that aluminium disposal significantly increased nitrous oxide ( NO ) production and decreased both testicular adenosine 3a?,5a?-cycli c monophosphate ( camp ) and testosterone degrees. They demonstrated that exuberant NO spark off inducible NO synthase ( NOS ) which may be involved in generative toxicity of aluminum.Information refering the generative toxicity and testicular disfunction of aluminum still needs more research. Besides, the function of propolis against aluminum induced impairments in the generative ability of rats has non yet been discovered. The survey taken on by ( Yousef and Salama,2009 ) , was aimed at finding the generative toxicity of aluminum chloride in grownup male rats. It showed that aluminum enhanced lipid peroxidation in plasma, testicles, encephalon, kidney, lung and colored of coneies, and besides in civilization of coney sperm ( Yousef, 2004 , Yousef et al. , 2005 and Yousef et al. , 2007 ) . Besides, to measure the protective consequence of propolis against the possible testicular disfunction caused by aluminum chloride.Table 1. Relative weights ( g/100A g organic structure weight ) of sex variety meats of male rats treated with AlCl3, propolis and AlCl3 + propolis.ParameterExperimental groupsControlAlCl3PropolisAlCl3+PropolisTestiss0.72A AA 0.0930.58A AA 0.061**0.78A AA 0.0739***0.66A AA 0.091*Seminal cyst0.35A AA 0.0610.20A AA 0.081**0.39A AA 0.105***0.31A AA 0.119*Epididymis0.27A AA 0.0360.19A AA 0.037**0.30A AA 0.036***0.24A AA 0.041*Prostate gland0.16A AA 0.0230.14A AA 0.0210.16A AA 0.0170.15A AA 0.02 life-sized tabular arrayValuess are express as meansA AA SD nA =A 10 for each intervention group. Significant difference from the control group at **PA & lt A 0.01.Treatment of male rats with AlCl3 significantly ( PA & lt A 0.01 ) decreased sperm concentration and motility rate. Meanwhile increased dead and affected sperm, as compared to command and propolis groups were seen in Table 2. Treatment with propolis entirely showed no important effects on sperm concentration and motility. while caused important ( PA & lt A 0.05 ) lessening in dead an d unnatural sperm compared to command group. On the other manus, intervention with propolis in compounding with AlCl3 caused significantly alleviated the diminution in sperm concentration and motility, and significantly decreased the per centum of dead and unnatural sperm compared to AlCl3 group. This means that propolis minimized the toxicity of AlCl3.ignificant difference from the AlCl3-intoxicated group at PA & lt A 0.05 and PA & lt A 0.01.Table 2. Changes in sperm concentration ( Sp. Conc. , A-106/ml ) , motility ( % ) , and dead ( % ) and unnatural ( % ) sperm of male rats treated with AlCl3, propolis and AlCl3A +A propolis.ParameterExperimental groupsControlAlCl3PropolisAlCl3 + PropolisSp. Conc.212A AA 15.5148A AA 8.1**233A AA 12.1 199A AA 7.5 Motility72.4A AA 1.8950.9A AA 2.64**79.7A AA 1.64 70.5A AA 1.43 Dead25.2A AA 1.9545.1A AA 2.21**20.2A AA 1.78* 28.8A AA 3.01 affected14.6A AA 1.9621.3A AA 2.312**11.6A AA 1.27* 16.7A AA 1.337 Full-size tabular arrayValuess are expressed as meansA AA SD nA =A 10 for each intervention group.Significant difference from the control group at *PA & lt A 0.05 and **PA & lt A 0.01.Significant difference from the AlCl3-intoxicated group at PA & lt A 0.05 and PA & lt A 0.01.This survey observed the consequence of aluminum chloride on sperm motility. ( Table 2 ) . Additionally, Dawson et al. , 1998 E.B. Dawson, S. Ritter, W.A. Harris, D.R. Evans and L.C. Powell, Comparison of sperm viability with seminal plasma metal degrees, Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 64 ( 1998 ) , pp. 215-223.Dawson et Al. ( 1998 ) found that high concentrations of aluminum in human sperm cell and seminal plasma are correlated with reduced sperm motility and viability. Motility is important in enabling the sperm to swim through the female generative piece of land and make the egg cell to strive fertilisation ( Aitken, 1995 ) . The observation can be concluded by stating that the lessening in sperm motility was caused in portion to the att endant decrease in testosterone production ( Guo et al. , 2005a and Yousef et al. , 2005 ) following aluminum intervention.Table 3. plasma testosterone concentration ( ng/ml ) and activity of testicular 17- ketosteroid reductase enzyme ( U/min/mg protein ) , and testes protein content ( mg/g tissue ) of male rats treated with AlCl3, propolis and AlCl3 + propolis.ParametersExperimental groupsControlAlCl3PropolisAlCl3 + PropolisTestosterone1.31A AA 0.2441.00A AA 0.115*1.51A AA 0.113* 1.15A AA 0.064 17-Ketosteroid Reductase enzyme14.6A AA 2.0210.2A AA 1.13**19.1A AA 1.49** 12.8A AA 2.03* Protein content76A AA 4.460A AA 4.7**105A AA 5.3** 75A AA 5.2 Full-size tabular arrayValuess are expressed as meansA AA SD nA =A 10 for each intervention group.Significant difference from the control group at *PA & lt A 0.05 and **PA & lt A 0.01.Significant difference from the AlCl3-intoxicated group at PA & lt A 0.05 and PA & lt A 0.01.Datas in Table 3 showed important lessening in pla sma testosterone concentration ( PA A 0.05 ) and testicular protein ( PA A 0.01 ) in rats treated with AlCl3 compared to command. While, propolis significantly increased testosterone and protein content and alleviated the negative effects for AlCl3 in group 4 on these parametric quantities.Aluminium chloride exposure displayed gonadotoxic effects in male rats and maternal blend in was associated with foetal decease in pregnant rats. The exposure to aluminum increases the incidence of fetal abnormalcies in rats and mice ( Belles et al. , 1999 ) . The survey of Guo et Al. ( 2005a ) demonstrated that exposure to aluminium lowered plasma and testicular testosterone degrees in mice. It was suggested that the terrible decrease in male libido and birthrate following the aluminium disposal might be a consequence from inordinate aluminum accretion in the testicles and low testosterone concentrations. High degrees of aluminum in aluminium-treated mice were evident at calendar week 3 before the effects on male libido and birthrate manifested. The disagreement was reasoned such that aluminium accretion failed to instantly impact the enzymes for androgen biogenesis or bring forth a possible perturbation in hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. However, the present survey showed that AlCl3 caused important diminution in the activity of 17-ketosteroid reductase after 70A yearss intervention ( Table 3 ) .Table 4. Changes in the activities of catalase ( CAT mol/h/g tissue ) and glutathione S-transferase ( GST I?mol/min/g tissue ) , and the degrees of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances ( TBARS nmol/g tissue ) and reduced glutathione ( GSH mM/g tissue ) in testicles of rats treated with AlCl3, propolis and AlCl3A +A propolis.ParameterExperimental groupsControlAlCl3PropolisAlCl3+PropolisCat6.96A AA 1.1403.01A AA 0.578 **9.95A AA 1.050 ** 5.89A AA 0.793 GST1.08A AA 0.1000.59A AA 0.154**1.43A AA 0.299 ** 0.96A AA 0.125 TBARS71.8A AA 5.58195.9A AA 10.62 **60.4A AA 6.18 * 97.4A AA 9.58 * GSH6.02A AA 0.6944.15A AA 0.690 *8.25A AA 0.902 * 5.74A AA 1.863 Full-size tabular arrayValuess are expressed as meansA AA SD nA =A 10 for each intervention group.Significant difference from the control group at *PA & lt A 0.05 and **PA & lt A 0.01.Significant difference from the AlCl3-intoxicated group at PA & lt A 0.05 and PA & lt A 0.01.The control testicles are surrounded by a softened fibrous tissue capsule known as the adventitia albuginea The histological survey showed that.The testies are divided into lobules by thin hempen septa the interstitial tissue surrounds the lobules which contain several seminiferous tubules within them. The tubules are lined with germ cells in assorted phases of spermatogonia, some primary and secondary spermatocytes, spermatids and mature sperm cell that choose the Centre of the tubule. Between the spermatogonia and the balance of the basal lamina are the sertoli cells. The interstitial tissue is supported by Ley dig cells in chief. They occur singly or in bunchs and are embedded in the rich rete of blood and lymph capillaries. Observations of testicles treated with AlCl3 revealed several changes. The accretion of exfoliated source cells within some seminiferous tubules affected their architecture and left them disorganized. Some tubules exhibited ripening apprehension. And moreover, some source cells had little and darkly stained nuclei. Marked dilation and congestion of blood vass were noticed in the interstitial infinites. Hyperplasia of Leydig was detected in the interstitial tissue. The Leydig cells became crowded and formed dense bunchs that surrounded most of the seminiferous tubules ( Fig. 2 ) . Some subdivisions of testicles of the rats treated with propolis entirely showed that they were less or more similar to the control subdivisions ( Fig. 3 ) . Testis of rats treated with aluminium plus propolis revealed that it regained about all of its sea captain construction and singular Restoration of the normal image of seminiferous tubules was attained. The germ cells appeared regular in form with disappearing of most cytoplasmatic vacuolization. Most of the karyon became vesicular ( Fig. 4 ) . Testes accumulate high aluminium over age in rats ( Gomez et al. , 1997 ) . Light microscopy of silver-stained paraffin subdivisions of the testicles demonstrated legion intracytoplasmic black-stained all right starchlike inclusions in Leydig cells ( Reusche et al. , 1994 ) . The histological alterations in testicles of rats treated with AlCl3 ( Fig. 2 ) is coincident with the obtained informations by Khattab ( 2007 ) who studied the consequence of AlCl3 on the testicles of rats after an intraperitoneal injection was administered. The testicles showed histological disturbance including terrible harm within the seminiferous tubules and vascular decadency on the spermatogenic and sertoli cells cytol. The originative epithelial tissue of the seminiferous tubules was thinne r in topographic points and spermatids became really unique in presence. Sperm Numberss was low and there were no sperm in the lms. Besides, up on electron microscopic surveies, in the aluminium-treated group, there were some anomalousnesss in the atomic membrane, amendss to some chondriosomes, ribosomes population lessening, and an addition in the figure of lysosomes in the sertoli cell cytol. In the primary spermatocyte cytol, there was an addition in the unsmooth endoplasmic Reticulum. Guo et Al. ( 2005b ) found that after 2 hebdomads of aluminum intervention, hurtful effects and histopathological alterations of testicular tissues were observed. However, noticeable spermatogenetic loss was viewed as necroses in the spermatids and sperm cell in aluminium-treated group at hebdomad 5. The damage caused by aluminum was tended to(p) chiefly by the drawn-out accretion of aluminum in the mice testest.Fig. 1.A Photomicrograph of control testicle subdivision demoing interstitial cells ( I ) and germ cells ( G ) . H & A E mark ( 400A- ) .Fig. 2.A Photomicrograph of testicle subdivision that treated with aluminum demoing germ cells ( G ) , exfoliated source cells ( E ) , hyperplasia of Leydig cells ( I ) and vacuolization ( V ) . H & A E stain ( 400A- ) .Fig. 3.A Photomicrograph of testicle that treated with propolis demoing germ cells ( G ) . H & A E discoloration ( 400A- ) .Fig. 4.A Photomicrograph of testicle subdivision that treated with Aluminium and propolis demoing germ cells ( G ) . H & A E discoloration ( 400A- ) .1.6 Purposes and aims of my undertakingIn this undertaking my chief purpose was to find the presence of aluminum in seminal fluid and sperm cell. I had to found out if aluminum was present in the seminal fluid or the sperm cell.DiscussionTHE EFFECT OF ORAL HIGH ALUMINIUM INTAKE ONRAT SPERMATOGENESISI.M.D. Rashidi. Head of section & A member of good commissionDept of pathology Medical school Ahwaz medical university, AhwazIranAluminum is on e of the most abundant elements in the Earth crustand enters to the organic structure through imbibing H2O, foods and drugslike antacids. Aluminium poising causes broad scope of upsets,including a lessening in the release of neurotransmiters and suppressionof electromotive force dependent Ca channels. The function of Ca on GnRHrelease and its action is detected so, in this perusal, the consequence ofhigh aluminum consumption on rats spermatogenesis is investigated.The experiment performed in four groups, a control groupand three experimental groups consumed 0.625, 1.25 and 2.5 milligramaluminum per gm diet for 60 yearss. Epididymis and vessel deferenswere dissected cut and diluted with normal salin. In all groups weightof vessel deferens, epididymis, testicle and whole animate being, sperm countper gm deferens and epididymis tissues were determined so, thetesticular tissues dogged in formol for survey of histopathology.The consequences have shown that in experimental groups whichco nsumed 1.25 and 2.5 milligram aluminum per gm diet, the vesseldeferens, epididymis, testicle and carnal weight were significantlydecreased. In this animals the figure of sperm per gm tissuesfrom vessel deferens, epididymis were reduced. The ripening apprehension isseen in seminoferous canal and it have nt spermatogenesis. Therefore,this analyzing indicated that high aluminum consumption in rat have ansuppressing consequence on spermatogenesis and this consequence is dose dependant.hypertext transfer protocol //www.sciencedirect.com/science? _ob=MImg & A _imagekey=B6TCR-4CB7K82-GF-1 & A _cdi=5177 & A _user=128592 & A _pii=S0378427403904048 & A _origin=gateway & A _coverDate=09 % 2F28 % 2F2003 & A _sk=998559999.8998 & A view=c & A wchp=dGLzVtb-zSkzV & A md5=1f1a3377fb5ad50ff2bd8ffd8947d810 & A ie=/sdarticle.pdfRead and summarize but citehypertext transfer protocol //humrep.oxfordjournals.org/content/13/1/115.full.pdf