Importance of Learning Styles in Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Importance of Learning Styles in nurse - Essay ExampleDue to different background, nurses offer a continuum of experiences and attributes during training such(prenominal) as varied instruction styles. Therefore, training courses should focus on meeting the particular learning needs of soulfulnesss (Young & Paterson, 2007). Every individual shows preference for a particular learning style and this in turn accelerates an individuals ability to learn. It has been stated that the primary goal of training courses is to upgrade an individuals functioning however, little front or attention goes into appraising training methods. Research about successful training indicates that problem-focuses, pragmatic learning schemes based on skilful clinical monitoring and mentorship should be established. It was also revealed that nurses prefer on the phone line training these results were similar to those of another research. It has been demonstrated that passive learning is futile and does not lead to service as opposed to active learning. Such researches have shown the need to remodel training schemes to embrace a work-oriented and learner-focused method. A logical approach and reasoning is encouraged by imparting education in applicative clinical situation. This clinical setting assists in incorporating theoretical knowledge in actual practice for cooking of better c be of patients. The potential to learn and further application of this learning into practice plays an integral business office in providing quality clinical service. Proficient and highly skilled staff guarantees the well-being of patients. In addition, such competent workforce will have to ability to identify and react aptly to clinical requirements. internalization of knowledge, learning styles, conceptions is the cornerstone for establishing an effective learning atmosphere. Thereby, an eclectic model is suggested that would integrate the complexities of individual learning into the tie-ups practi ces. Honey and Mumfords Learning Style Questionnaire The learning style inventory model presented by Kolb inspired numerous theorists. His model served as the foundation stone for Honey and Mumfords Learning Styles Questionnaire. The distinguishing fraction between the two models is that the latter investigates general behavioural predisposition whereas Kolbs model revolves around ingenuous queries. Honey and Mumford advocated that majority of individuals have never put thought into how they acquire knowledge (Honey & Mumford, 2006). Essentially, the two models are similar but with minor differences, for instance the terms of Kolbs model have been substituted divergers with reflector, assimilators with theorist, convergers with pragmatist and accommodators with activist (Sims & Sims, 1995). 1. Reflector--- finds lecturers skillful if they are based on expert expositions and analysis. He is fond of learning through watching, thinking and reviewing over events. He utilizes journal s and brainstorms. 2. Theorist prefers lectures, case studies, books, structure, standards, and examples. He adopts a step-by-step approach to deal with problems and is not in favour of expert talk. 3. Pragmatist fond of feedback, teaching and establishes evident ties between ongoing task and a difficulty. He applies novel knowledge to practice and is inclined towards laboratories, actual work and examination. 4. Activist

Romanticism poet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

love affair poet - Essay ExampleWe might perceive Shelley himself as a bird, constantly on the go, flying, searching for something he could not find at home, looking for his home away from home. His death at the age of cardinal nine, drowning during a storm off the Italian coast, also presents his life as that of a birds, speed yet filled with flight to the heavens themselves, in search of sensuous aestheticism and explorations of intense passions. One of his approximately famous poems, To a Skylark, speaks exactly of this. The skylark is his greatest natural metaphor for pure poetic expression. The vocaliser says that no one knows what the skylark is, for it is unique. It is in heavenly harmony with Nature, and its song surpasses everything man made on earth. It is motivated by the joy of that uncomplicated purity of being, it sings unburdened with melancholy or worry. This is what he wants to see to the world a music unparalleled, in which joy flows like a river of enjoyment from a liven up of nature, the skylark. He wants us humans to be more like the carefree skylark. Because, the human condition of happiness is always bittersweet. It is always tainted with memories and worrying about the future.

Explain how the sea breeze and land breeze can happen Assignment

Explain how the ocean crack and land piece of cake can happen - Assignment workoutThe air above the land is affectionateer as compared to the air above the ocean because of this heat assiduity oddment. The warm land air rises all through the day which results in decreasing the erupt bosom. This difference in pressure causes the wind to blow from the high pressure area (sea or ocean) to the low pressure area (land) causing the sea breeze (Climate Education, 2013). The strength of the sea breeze depends on the difference in temperatures between the sea and the land. The more than the difference, more strong will be the sea breeze. The largest example of sea breeze development is the Monsoon season in Southern Asia in which huge differences between the temperatures of cooler Arabian Sea and warmer land areas provide a strong base for the development of sea breeze (Holmes, 2007).The development of land breeze is just the opposite case of the sea breeze development. Land breeze u sually occurs in the night when the temperature of the ocean becomes warmer than that of the land. The reason is that land abides the absorbed heat more quickly as compared to sea. Sea is a good absorber of suns zip fastener due to which it cannot lose heat quickly when the sun goes down. On the other hand, land cannot absorb suns energy as efficiently as an ocean can do it because of which it loses heat more quickly upon sunset. The surface pressure also goes up on the land as the result of which the air starts moving towards the sea which is the low pressure area during night.Winds always blow from the high pressure surfaces to the low pressure surfaces. Therefore, when warm air rises, the temperature of the land goes down and a high surface pressure is created which causes the wind to blow towards the sea where the surface pressure is low. This shift of wind from the land to the sea causes the land breeze (Climate Education,

BP Oil Disaster in the Gulf of Mexico Case Study - 8

BP Oil Disaster in the Gulf of Mexico - Case Study ExampleEthical issues, in this case, identifiable include failure for other companies to learn from earlier case scenarios like the ExxonMobil case, and construct swell condom policies to avoid future spills. The people who bemuse worked in this industry for 30, 40 years start a great role to play to avoid other leakages. Unfortunately, this has not been the case. In addition, companies should put pr takingsive measures much(prenominal) that when such leakages happen, they do have massive effects on the natural system. The wells could as well be placed elsewhere other than in the deep waters. In fact, the size of the acquittance does not matter, but what is of concern is where they happen and when they happen. The oil pipes should not be constructed in field of battles that in the event of a leakage, massive damage occurs. For instance, the BP Oil Disaster happened in a very vulnerable area and at a time when there are too many winds blowing it.In fact, the greatest issue, in this case, is the detrimental effect that this oil spill is going to have on the economy and ecology of the country. harmonize to Geoffrey (2010), there are fears that the massive oil slick will have appalling effects on wildlife and birds along the Louisiana Coast and it could break in one of the worlds fisheries, besides that it could also ruin vital wetlands. Americas Gulf State reputation is also under universal excoriation. The behindhand response to this catastrophe could cause diverse effects on the company, operating on the belief that such a disaster could never happen shows a lack of professionalism. This case of arrogance and neglect apothegm measures not being laid down. The characters thus operated on the principles of assumptions, and lack seriousness from all fronts.Victims and other groups have sharply accused the company of lacking preventive and more strict measures for disasters and taking the issue for grant a t the initial stages of the disaster. In fact, accusations are coming from all level, including from President Obama to local people.

Theories of Democracy - Against Human Rights Essay - 2

Theories of land - Against Human Rights - Essay ExampleEven wars on the basis of humanitarian grounds should be avoided to sustain loss of lives and the absence of cultural relativism in some of the nations that are known to endure the set ideas and principles of contrary regions. According to iek, human rights are defined as exercising the freedom to choose either given thing without violating the freedom rights of others, even if it means defying war.Interestingly, iek is supportive of humanitarian interventions only so far as they are found protecting and assisting human life. Even though he is not very excited round humanitarian interference in general, he feels that such interventions should be safeguarded. regardless of the beliefs of the people in a particular nation, their lives must be protected and supported in toll of its concepts and standards. A true democracy will always stand out in its ability to digest its citizens. Freedom and Democracy are significant righ ts, mentioned by the writer, should be implemented even at stem in a nation that supports such rights.It is important to note that there is nothing universal about right. There is more than one way to getting things done and this is evident in the varied cultural perspectives, distinct world features, unique rituals and cultural identifications. iek points out that it is wrong to overlook the differences unique to varied races. A lot of unrest and conflicts in the world arise when nations try to impose their way of playing on other nations and this, in turn, produces war rather than peace. Intolerance towards other peoples viewpoints is the main(prenominal) damaging force that corrupts nations.

Are humans born with a conscience will send assignment sheet for 300 Research Proposal

Are humans natural with a scruples will send assignment sheet for 300 level english class - persuave writing - question Proposal ExampleWhat he is saying is that many theologians believe that some people ar born with the capacity to be good, and others arent. Paul doesnt agree with this assessment. He believes that we all quest the capacity to be good, because God gave it to us. While he also believes that one must love to do good and overturn evil, (120) the fact is that whether we choose the rightfield road has nothing to do with the fact that Gods alter has scoren us all the possibility to always choose good. Paul added, Conscience is not an essential judge it can make mistakes (121). This is obviously true. The Bible teaches us that none are perfect, and that all bloodline short of Gods glory. Still, Paul maintains that the important thing is to know the difference in what we choose, and what we have the ability to choose. While it is clear to Paul that we have, innat ely, all we need to make good decisions, we still need to study the Bible, and attend, church as a compass to keep us headed in the right direction.In Lois Walkers Religion Gives Meaning to Life, Walker writes about a similar belief. It is her opinion that who we are is determined at the time of our births. She writes, We are not the products of chance (626). Walkers essay is in response to an atheist who claims that people only need to practice being responsible to know the right thing to do. According to Walker, the atheist proclaimed, We dont need a big Daddy in the sky. We need to grow up and become our own parents (624). While we do need to know how to rule ourselves, we do, also, need our Father in heaven. Walker is states that she believes in the theistic philosophy that holds, The universe is suffused in righteousness and that good will win out over evil (627). Gods purpose, according to Walker, is to give us a continuous reason to want to behave. If God can give his son

Rivane Neuenschwander Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Rivane Neuenschwander - Term Paper ExampleRivane Neuenschwander each visible form is capable of suggesting some deeper meaning to an audition at varying levels of meaning irrespective of the intentions of the artist. This is because art is non perceived to be the static element it was once considered just as the audience is no longer thought to be merely passive observers. Instead, it is a constant interaction surrounded by the artist and the viewer, between what the artist created and how the viewer interprets based on his or her own experiences, understandings and context and how the learn interacts with the element of time and the various forms of media available today. The postmodern movement, with its emphasis on illuminating the sublime, brought these ideas to the forefront leaders eventually to todays trend to engage more of the viewers senses in this interaction. quite than simply paint on canvas or a marble sculpture, art today often involves a number of different el ements including some consideration of the element of time and audience reaction/interaction. For this reason, it is often possible to walk into a museum of modern art and be confronted with scenes that confound the senses but do not necessarily conform to traditional general concepts of art. In the artwork of Rivane Neunschwander, for example, knowing the history of the artist or the art form and the creative process involved in making it can help to surface the way toward understanding or even participation. Once these elements of the work are understood, a greater sense of taste for the work can be achieved and analysis can be more complete.

Piracy Off the Horn of Africa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Piracy Off the Horn of Africa - attempt Exampled adventurous quest for so many young men, making prospective wakeless intricacies for provincial and international governments searching to try steal groups doubts for supposed crimes. The absence of unchanging functioning government is an existing challenge and it offers freedom of action for those people participated in piracy along the African theatrical role Lauren Ploch et al remark The apparent motive of many active Somali pirate groups is profit and piracy has proven to be a lucrative activity for many thus farthest (Ploch, et al, 2009). Studies prove that Somalis give political and economic motivation to some one occupied in piracy. today most of the pirates groups in Somalia region have emerged complicated operational facilities and they have eared advanced weaponry, transporting, pecuniary stability that make them more efficient than local forces. Paradoxically, if only a group of pirates in Somalia region have followe d piracy attacking as their means of income, the regional fishing industry in Somalia exist has been deteriorated gradually by the hazard of piracy attacking.Economical distractions and sufferings are the major reasons for piracy in Somalia region. environmental hardships, poverty lack of employment, low income, diminishing of regional food production, and poor maritime resources contribute piracy in Somalia region. Non functioning government promotes insecurity and financial inequality among the people who live in Somalia. supranational support networks and their financial helps are another important reason behind piracy. Financial profitability and wrong judiciary system are the encouraging factors for many young men in Somalia. Illegal transferral is the primary stage of all kinds of illegal activities and piracy.Piracy tightened its hold on Africa especially Somalia in mid-nineties when Siad Barre, who seek his best to unite and better the people of Somalia, ruled the natio n. As part of his mission Barre tried to bring the people of Somalia under

Persuasive letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Persuasive letter - Essay ExampleAs well, our budget does not allow for the kind of production that you have presented and so we have therefore contumacious to go with a different option.Please feel free to resubmit with us again for succeeding(prenominal) years event. We found your ideas interesting and if you tin a stronger application with more research anterior to the presentation, we would love to consider using your ideas. As well as the research considering city codes and policies, we would like to captivate more thoroughly organized plans for building the production so that we are reassured that you can provide the production that you are promising. speckle we loved the illustrations and the ideas, we were unclear as to how the construction was going to be accomplished. date budget is our main concern, we were also concerned that the process that would give us the production had not been in full considered. We would love to see a similar presentation that has been mod ified to fit within our budget and that has been realised with engineered plans and potential problems with the city researched.Once again, while this year we have chosen to use another company, we were impress with your presentation and look forward to seeing you participate next year. We were very interested in your ideas. While we have gone a different way, we find that the production you have offered can provide a potential benefit for our marketing purposes should you be able to provide a more thoroughly researched figure that satisfies the issues that can arise from such an undertaking.I want to thank you for the meeting we had on Thursday. The presentation that you gave was notional and offered many wonderful ideas. Unfortunately, we will be futile to use your company at this time. The ideas that you presented were innovative and creative, further we are unsure that the city will allow for balloons of that size to occupy the space of the street. As you were unable to pr ovide us with information on the policies of the

Industrial Waste water Treatment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Industrial Waste piddle Treatment - appellation Exampleoil skimming process, treatment of reacted ions and then utilizing the biological indicators for determining, if the water is fit for drinking or should it be allows to be penetrated into the environment. The oil or grease are lighter than water and endure be collected over the surface of the water through simple process of skimming.After undergoing research, it is clear that the engagement of the membrane technology for the treatment of industrial water is not suitable as membranes are some(prenominal) sensitive to the chemicals. Thus, dehydration compression processes are perfect for treating the industrial water. as, mechanical vapour compression produces water with the highest quality and is more energy efficient as compared to the thermal vapour compression, it is suitable for the industrial water treatment of the given composition. As, the water has a pH showing the more concentration of basic ions, it is all-impor tant(a) to acid acidic ions to precipitate the basic ions.Oxygen and nitrosamines are added to convert the NH3 into NO2 that is good for the plants or can be extracted easily from water through next process. The Phenols can be removed by utilizing the agile carbons and UV oxidation. The treatment of the thio-cyanate can be controlled by utilizing alkaline chlorination and ozonation. NaNO2 can be removed by utilizing the sulfamic acid, which reduces the NaNO2 to nitrogen gas that can be collected or released to the atmosphere. Bacteria can be added to the water to eat COD and produce bio gas that can be used to produce power for the plant. atomic number 20 or aluminum ions can be added to reduce the amount of PO4 in waste water.The next footfall would be the purification of industrial waste water through the mechanical vapour compression. Mechanical vapour compression gives the same purification as that of the distilled water and utilized the similar procedure for the purification . There is subjective to utilize the high density platinum steel in the compression chamber that would

Surrealism and the Fashion Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Surrealism and the Fashion Industry - Essay ExampleThe essay Surrealism and the Fashion Industry talks round the surrealism movement and its connection with fashion industry. The collaboration has made the conjoined elements to form a distinct dodge form, which has gained recognition among popular art media such as magazines. This is exemplified by Vogue magazine, which has allowed industry players such as Cecil Beaton to explore and expand the limits of their standards. The developmental timeline of the bond between the surrealist cultural movement and the fashion industry began in the early 20th Century. This onset was witnessed when the surrealist movement disengaged from the written statement, which required it to embrace and focus on objects. The miscellany of focus and the use of surrealism in the realm of the fashion industry is explicitly evident in normal use of odd art pieces and objects, which are easily transformed to textile print work and jewelry among many other f ashion forms. This offers designers freedom to develop art forms that find replication of form on either sides of the collaboration. The collaboration greatly contributed to the imagination of what lay beneath the art, which was easily transformed to wearable attire pieces. Initially, fashion was not regarded as an art form and therefore surrealism, which is an art, was thought to be poles apart when considered aboard the fashion industry. However, this transformed when the surrealist movements written form of art and canvassed art forms shifted focus.

A Report and Risk Management Package Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

A Report and Risk Management Package - Essay ExampleIn the real setting of lecture of healthcare, this would indicate a policy to follow in implementation of healthcare delivery procedure to overturn ill incidents in medical practice (Leape, L.L. and Berwick, D.M., 2000). The most scientific set about, hence, would be to manage and monitor the caliber of healthcare delivered, and clinical governance represents an organization-wise strategy for improving quality within National Health go in UK. Translated into quality management terms, this would mean devotion to and implementation of a process that involves recording, reporting, managing, and investigating an adverse event and ability to learn from that (Department of Health, (2000). Since the goal of quality in healthcare is to ensure patient and module safety, these incidents that threaten this safety are known as risks. Any risk management package, therefore, will harp of a written description of the procedure to serve as the standard with clearly demarcated areas of responsibilities of the involved violence if there is such an incident, a process to classify, a protocol for analysis and investigation protocol a policy of informatics to both the patient and staff with a positive and fair blame approach guidelines for management of care and service delivery more efficiently and most importantly, learning from these incidents (Moss, F., Palmberg, M., and Plsek, P., 2000).

Effects Trade in the World Economy Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Effects Trade in the World Economy - Term Paper ExampleFree mete out enables more goods and services to distort American consumers at lower prices, thereby substantially increasing their standard of living. Moreover, the benefits of free trade enshroud well beyond American households. Free trade helps to spread the value of freedom, reinforce the rule of law, and cherish economic development in poor countries. The national debate over trade-related issues too often ignores these main(prenominal) benefits. If this is the case, why is it that there are those who oppose this kind of trade agreement. Analyzing the fact from the given statement would take up to us in a hypothesis that free trade could help stabilize the economy. However, what is in deep down the nutrition of free trade that majority tends to disagree with its provision? And why do these people charter that the said trading activity would only jeopardize and put the economy of a certain bucolic in a malady? T hese are the questions which revolve and come out into the picture whenever free trade becomes an issue. Basically, if we are to analyze, these people would not be able to have these sentiments if they have not seen any irregularities with regards to the provisions of free trade. In contrary to the claim that the free trade agreement has made the economies in the mankind soaring high, Haslam (2002) pointed out the differences and negative implications of this kind of practice. Free trade policies simply allow corporations to freely chafe cheaper labor markets. Manufacturing facilities are moved to poorer nations - which have minuscule wages, often terrible working conditions and far fewer environmental regulations. Often these conditions result from direct interposition by the US government, international financial institutions (such as the World Bank and International Monetary Fund) and/or the multinational corporations themselves. The idea that President Bush entrust be ab le to solely negotiate international free trade agreements - is downright terrifying. What the editorial calls interference from Congress is basically the way our countrys Constitution is meant to work.

Hispanic speaking mental health program at catholic charities of Research Paper

Hispanic oration intellectual health syllabus at catholic charities of fairfield - Research Paper ExampleThe world of today is rather unique in that it has been torn apart by wars, racism, homelessness, unemployment and various types of financial and economic crises that are affecting and crippling millions of peck every day. True to its motto Faith in Action this organization has developed a chip of housing schemes for the homeless which enables both the able bodied as well as physic anyy and mentally challenged individuals to live and correlate with each other in peace and harmony, thereby enhancing the worth of the family unit. The housing schemes of the Catholic Charities of Fairfield are of various kinds from the Permanent Housing Diocese course of instruction to the Scattered Site Housing Program to the Conger House and Thomas Merton Center Programs. The agencys New Heights Program is say towards the mentally challenged individuals in Bridgeport, CT and is dedicated towa rds making every individual achieve their maximum feasible potential. It is a psycho-social program that offers pre-vocational and vocational training, educational training, computer knowhow and support groups, with peer and telephonic support as well. In order to be a part of this program, sensation must be diagnosed with a mental illness, be receiving service from the Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services and be residing within one of the areas served. The issue at hand appears to be that these services need to be expanded as the population of Bridgeport is increasing. However the problem is that the absolute majority of the new-sprung(prenominal) population that has entered Bridgeport in recent years appears to be Hispanic. It is not difficult to see this when recent US census estimates show that the Hispanics are the single largest ethnic majority in the USA today. These facts had come to light in the last two elections and Obama and Bush had both try to win a large part of the Hispanic vote as it affected their overall results. around likely the problem has existed for a number of months now and came to light of the administration when mentally challenged Hispanic individuals and their caretakers apply for assistance and admission to the New Heights program. A check up from the Mayors positioning or even a local real estate agent would develop given an indicant of the changing trend of residencies in the county. The problem is that the Catholic Charities of Fairfield had not planned for this demographic trend and nurse not included diversity within their program makeup. The consequences are that the services and the staff are all English speaking Americans and there is no one to assist the Hispanic speaking population. As we have noted, the majority of the newcomers have been from South and Central America and therefore the present setup is at a loss as to how to accommodate for this change in demographics. As a result the Spanish speaking individuals cannot be served and are placed on waiting lists. But sooner or later, a resultant will have to be found as the problem is not going to go away. PROPOSED SOLUTIONS & THEIR capital punishment Planning for change is a very important thing and should be practiced by individuals as well as organizations and their management staff. Even if the problem was not recognized in the past, it is not similarly late now and some swift and effective changes this agency can help accommodate the new Hispanic patients. The first thing would be to see if there is enough room and funds on a lower floor the present programs. As Hispanics would also be attending

Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 8

history - Essay ExampleThis paper aims at discussing how the city of Barcelona has attempted to use events to pursue wider objectives in tourism. rule The tourism strategy in Barcelona aims at developing a tourism model that will plug that a balance is maintained between the local residents and tourer. It also aims at maintaining the identity values of this peculiar(a) city. One of the values that the strategy fights to keep is the rich culture. It also maintains the values that make it attracting all sorts of tourist ranging from those who are interested in sport events, cultural festivals, religious events, and many others. Background The city of Barcelona has on many occasions had a boost to its tourism industry as a result of international events. These events include the visit by Benedict the XVI, the Barcelona marathon, Formula 1 Gran Prix of Barcelona, the Aphrodite Les Folies Tour, Barcelona 1992 Summer Olympics, Barcelona Open, La Merce Festivity, and the torpedo le ague finals. These events attracted thousands of visitors to the city of Barcelona and earned the city a make do of income. Benedict the XVI visit to Barcelona pope Benedict XVI arrived in Barcelona on the 6th of November 2010. His mission to Barcelona was to preside over the consecration of Barcelonas duomo La Sagrada Familia. During the visit, the Pope held a private meeting with the queen and king of Spain. The visit is believed to have generated a total income of about 39 million to the city of Barcelona as a result of the activities that took place during the visit. more than half of this income is believed to have come from the expenditures of the visitors whose main attraction to Barcelona was the Popes visit. The income came from business activities such as transport, accommodation, shopping, restaurants, and many others (Smith 2012, p. 201). This event also played a very important role in market Barcelona as a tourist destination. The visitors who came specifically for the popes visit must have detect the very many tourist attractions in Barcelona. Barcelona Marathon The city of Barcelona hosted the Barcelona Marathon of 2013. The marathon took place on the 17th of March 2013. The competition involved athletes from all over the world. The Barcelona Marathon first took place in the year 1980, and its fame has grown gradually over the years. In the year 2012 16, 743 athletes were registered for the marathon. During this marathon, city always gets lots of visitors who every come to participate in the event or just witness the event. Apart from being a tourist attraction by itself, it also helps allot in creating global awareness of the other tourist attractions in the city of Barcelona. Formula 1 Gran Prix Barcelona 2013 The city of Barcelona hosted the fifth Formula 1 dominating Prix of the season. These events took place in between the 10th and 12th of May 2013. During this event, the city received a lot of visitors from all over the world. Most o f them were people who came specifically to experience the formula 1 event (Chalip and McGuirty2004, p. 272). This wad mean that it generally increased the number of visitors that the city hosted in that year. This would mean that they also had an extra income because of this event. separate businesses such as accommodation and restaurants also benefited from this event. Income was also earned through the sales of tickets. Kylie Minogue in Barcelona Kylie Minogue is an internationally known

Communication in Health and Social Care Essay Example for Free

communion in Health and Social Cargon EssayIdentify nine different reasons wherefore quite a little communicate and give an example for each reason. 1 to express there needs, to explain to stack exactly what it is that they need and why. 2. to office ideas pack learn from each other by sharing ideas this ground devise foster resolve a problem or situation. 3. to reas trustworthy if people do not communicate they bottomland feel unsure, it is important to diffuse rumours by communicating effectively with people so that they are sure of a situation, this will have a positive effect on morale. It is also important to re-assure people that you are listening and understand what they are saying. 4. to express feelings to let people know if you are, happy, sad, angry or confused. It could be that you have mixed feeling or are unsure. 5. to share experiences a work bloke could share an experience of a similar position/case that you are in/working on. 6. to take up questio ns people dont always give you the answers you need without you asking questions, you can ask free answer questions that require more than a yes or no answer. . socialise this form of confabulation is ordinarily relaxed, where you will talk socially to people roughly things that have happened in your week, or about a holiday or what is in the news. People will laugh and joke together. 8. to build relationships through communication people get to know each other, there needs and build trust. 9. Information to pass breeding between people Identify 5 ways communication can help you in your work and why 1.To enable service users to develop a relationship in which they feel confident to share there thoughts and feeling with you, they feel you are listening to their needs and understand their situation. 2. Effective communication prevents mis-understandings and people know exactly what is expected from them. 3. Supports the development of own needs and knowledge, by talking to wo rk colleagues you can often gain from their knowledge and understanding. 4. Good communication ensures that you understand the needs of others and able you to get the chastise support plan in place. . to build trust amongst both work colleagues and service users Explain why it is important to observe an individual(a)s reactions (facial expressions, ashes manner of speaking etc) when you are communicating with them Observing an individuals reaction is important as it will give you an idea on whether the person is kindle in the subject matter, if they are lying to cover a blunder, to see if there is a spirit to the subject you are trying to discuss, to see if they understand, or youre both understanding.If the person is hesitant to answer both questions, or make any comments or questions, he may be showing disagreement or just shy, then you need to coach them into talking. Facial expressions, will show you if they are feeling angry, body language can indicate that a person is a djitated or uncomfortable with a situation, or if they are relaxed and comfortable. Identify twelve barriers to effective communication Language Barrier, Hearing impairment, visual impairment, under the influence of intoxicant or drugs, distractions i. e, noise, flashing light, Judgemental statements i. e. Dont do it that way or your wrong. Inappropriate language for the age of the person, Learning difficulties, ie unable to read and write, shyness, attitude, people may not List eightsome ways you can reduce barriers to communication include sources of information and support services Give foursome examples of how you can check a person has understood what you have communicated? What does the term confidentiality mean? Give trine examples of when confidential information may need to be passed on How do you seek advice regarding confidentiality When would you ask advice about confidentiality

Elimination of Television Jerry Mander Essay Example for Free

Elimination of television receiver system Jerry Mander EssayFour Arguments for the Elimination of idiot box Jerry Mander thinks that with television there is ideology in the technology itself. The four-spot claims in this particular article are that (1) television itself had go down to define the people who use it, (2) the forms by which it is used, (3) its influence on people, (4) as well as the other significant outcomes that may later come from its use. He argued that television is a medium or a means through which people derive, process, and work ideas from. He used parallelism in his challenge or rebuttal argument when he likened television to the army. The armys mandate is to fight wars that necessitate fighting, killing, defeating and winning over the enemy. It does not follow that the generals chosen to lead the army are the kind born to fight and kill, the same way that television was not conceived to breed the kind of people who watch it. In the concept of the a utomobiles, he used the climatic word order in his narrative argument.He enumerated the consequences of the invention of the automobile, the need for gas, oil to source it, refineries to process the oil, place to pump gas into the car. Mander used emotive language in his causal argument to emphasize the form cars brought to people, like when they evolved into car people . Cars replaced human feet. Television like the automobile triggers a lot of reply from its existence and subsequent use.Advertisements are made on television because consumers watch TV, manufacturers make big sales because their products are advertised, and the line goes on. This argument is related to Manders take on Advertising. The evaluative argument on the comparison of television to denote used a balanced sentence with equal and parallel ideas, when Mander wrote that advertising was designed to persuade and dominate by interfering in peoples thinking patterns. Television for its part has a strong influe nce on people to take a side of an issue, or to change their minds on others. In his concluding argument he takes the strong position of getting exempt of television quickly if ours is to be restored to a sensible and rational and free-thinking society basis the preceding(prenominal) reasons. Reference Mander, Jerry. (1978). Four Arguments for the Elimination of Television. Harper Perennial.

Theoretical Positions of Jung, Adler, and Freud Essay Example for Free

hypothetic Positions of Jung, Adler, and Freud EssayRecently, in that location has been a debate on the worst of a statutory tokenish pursue. varied parties shit different point of views about it. The unionists believe conniption a higher tally skunk help to reduce the continuously increased wealth gap in Hong Kong, but the businessmen matter to that it pull up s pull a panaches increase the operating costs of their businesses. I impart discuss the pros and cons of a statutory negligible net profit in the following paragraphs. For the advantages, prototypically, a nominal take can force employers to offer middling salaries to their employees and give them guidelines on how rational salaries should be practise. This can help to protect employees from being exploited. Secondly, the problem of income divergence can be addressed by increasing low-income groups salaries so that it can help to promote affectionate justice and undischargedly better social harmony and stability. More over, the policy can encourage the unemployed citizens to generate the work force and thus reduce the burden on the politics. Although in that respect are m either advantages of setting a minimum take, thither are some drawbacks too. The unemployment rate may rise after implementing the minimum salary law.Due to the increase of operating costs or production costs, some employers may position off their staff. And it may discourage employees to improve their working attitude and skills as their wages are defend under the statutory minimum wage system, working inducement may thus become low. When we chatter about the level of a statutory minimum wage, we have a lot to concerned about, for example, the frugal situation, GDP etc. I think the quick standard is very high in Hong Kong at present, so the level of a statutory minimum wage should be high decent to have-to doe with a familys daily expenses.At the give tongue to(prenominal) time, we should a lso numerate the financial burden on the employers. If non, laying off staff or nevertheless closing down the businesses may be the solvent. The government, therefore, should consider all these issues, think twice and make a wise decision. From http//www. tkp. edu. hk/ crudesletter/archives/2610 News floor Secretary for Labour and Welfare Matthew Cheung Kin-chung ( ) explained how the members of the Provisional tokenish mesh Commission ( ) came to be agreed on the initial statutory minimum wage rate. According to him, they considered four main criteria 1.it should non be too low 2. it would not cause low-paid jobs to disappear in large numbers 3. it would not inhibit economical development 4. it would not significantly damage Hong Kongs competitive advantages. To protect labour rights, Hong Kong may need not only minimum wage legislation but also standard working hours legislation ( ). The legislative Council has adopted a motion to call for the enactment of such a law. T o encourage underprivileged citizens and low-income employees living in remote districts to find work or stay in employment, the government launched in 2007 a pilot transport support scheme ().Under the scheme, eligible citizens have been provided with time-limited transport allowances. The Labour segment ( ) is responsible for protecting other labour rights enshrined in various pieces of labour legislation (such as the drill Ordinance ( )). Minimum wage a issue for people to decide Hong Kong chief Hong Kong Special administrative Region (HKSAR) Chief Executive Donald Tsang on Friday continued to defend his decision not to legislate on the controversial minimum- wage issue in his latest Policy Address.Speaking on RTHK Friday, 2 eld after presenting his Policy Address, Tsang said he did not regard to see the issue portion outt with in motor inn as some legislators have said they would press ahead with plans to seek a judicial check after the government decided not to legislat e for a minimum wage at the moment. It is a matter for the people to decide, not the courts, Tsang told a call-in radio show Friday morning. I think we should estimate to solve this matter amicably, in the community. Fundamentally it is not even the legislature and the government.It is a matter for the people, he added, in response to what he called a very strong union and projection voice on minimum wage. In Hong Kong, the arguments on minimum wage between the labor and the employers have lasted for many long time but without consensus. The labor has al focuss pressed ahead to legislate on minimum wage among the trade protection and cleaners sectors in particular as soon as possible. But employers said in range to fence in a globalized economy, it is a remaining advantage for Hong Kong not to force employers to accept the deal via legislation.If this matter were pushed through the legislative Council at the moment, Tsang said, it would be a very, very bloody fight there would be serious arguments over this, the community would be torn apart. In his policy address, Tsang proposed to launch a prosecute Protection Movement for workers in the security and cleaning sectors. He promised to legislate on the minimum-wages issues two days later if the movement fails and employers are not paying market rates. Hong Kong lawmakers debate minimum wage CNN 14 Jul 10 Hong Kong lawmakers resumed debate Wednesday on a bill that may result in the regions first statutory minimum wage.The Minimum Wage Bill is a controversial piece of legislation that lawmakers take to leave protect the most vulnerable workers in Hong Kong, single of the few places in the world without any sort of minimum wage law. The debate is set to take two to three days. A novel government survey showed that around half a million workers in Hong Kong earn less than $4 an hour. These include low- happy workers from the catering, retail, and cleaning industries. According to Man Hon Poon, a policy researcher at the Hong Kong Confederation of trading Union, the lack of legal protection for workers has led to serious exploitation.Workers in restaurants have to work for 12 hours or even 14 hours a day to earn a living, he said. They cannot even go to the cinema. Legislator Tommy Cheung, however, claims that the government should not interfere with the free market economy, which he says has served Hong Kong well in the past. A minimum wage could deter investors and lead to increased unemployment, said Cheung, who represents the catering industry. There is one fear within the industry, that they would have to close down, he said. When you see a closure, everyone loses out. The government first proposed the current bill in 2008 following a failed attempt at a voluntary minimum wage. Labor unions, however, have been lobbying for a minimum wage since 1998, following the Asian financial crisis. The rate of the minimum wage has also been under outstanding debate. Trade unions have b een demanding a minimum wage of $4 maculation employer groups have been asking for $3 per hour. If the bill passes this week, the rate of the minimum wage forget be set by the Minimum Wage Commission, a consortium of trade union members, employers and scholars, in the coming months.Once the chief executive approves the rate, employers allow for have six months to implement the law. The Hong Kong government estimates that the earliest the minimum wage law may take effect is May 2011. http//edition. cnn. com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/07/14/china. hong. kong. minimum. wage/index. html? hpt=T2fbid=cFYYtTV0ap3 The Minimum Wage An Unfair benefit for Employers October 1989 Volume 39 Issue 10 Print This Post 1 comment Professor Boudreaux t from each onees political economy at George Mason University in Fairfax, Virginia. tell you want to help the sellers of a specific product.One issue you might want to do is try to ensure that a buyers market for that good or service isnt created. A b uyers market is an economic situation that favors buyers over sellers. For example, everyone hopes that the real-estate market in his hometown forget be a sellers market when the time comes to sell his menage. No one wants to have to sell a house when real estate is in a buyers market. Nevertheless, people who advocate mini- mum-wage legislation to improve the lot of botchy workers in effect support government creation of a buyers market as a way to help sellers of lubberly labor.Freely Moving Prices The Great Equalizer Economics and common sense teach us that, other things being equal, as the price of a product rises, to a greater extent units allow be offered for sale but fewer units will be demanded by consumers. If a price is too low, there will be an excess demand for the good or service in question, and buyers will fight for the limited quantities available by offering higher prices to sellers. If a price is too high, there will be an excess supply, and sellers (who canno t sell all that they wish at the high price) will compete for customers by offering lower prices.So long as there are no government- oblige restrictions on prices, prices will prevail to adjust in each market so that the quantities demanded will be equal to the quantities supplied. It is most-valuable to realize that prices change only when there are bargain inequalities between buyers and sellers. Prices rise only when the sum up demanded by buyers is greater than the amount supplied by sellers prices fall only when the amount demanded by buyers is less than the amount supplied by sellers. Put another way, prices rise only when there is a sellers market, and prices fall only when there is a buyers market.The rise or fall of prices, however, eliminates the inequality of supply and demand and, thus, eliminates the conditions that people describe as sellers markets and buyers markets. Freedom of price adjustments ensures equality of negotiate power among buyers and sellers. Freel y moving prices are the great equalizer. Employers compete for human labor services, like most things of value in a society based on private property in a market in which sellers and buyers engage in voluntary exchanges.Wage rates (in combination with other forms of compensation) are sterilized in the labor market. If this market isnt hampered by government, wages will constantly adjust so employers and employees enjoy equal bargaining power. Of course, incompetent workers arent as productive as workers with greater skills, and so wage rates for apt labor tend to be higher than wages for unlettered labor. It is a myth, however, that highly skilled workers enjoy greater bargaining power with employers than do workers with fewer skills.If wage rates are free to adjust to their market-clearing levels, unskilled workers will enjoy as much bargaining power as the most highly skilled workers, because freely moving wage rates adjust so that the amount of each type of labor demanded will tend to equal the amount supplied. Employers can have no bar gaining advantage over even the most unskilled workers if wage rates are free to move to the levels at which the amount of labor services demanded is equal to the amount supplied by workers. Freely moving wage rates are the great equalizer of bargaining positions among employers and employees. The Minimum Wage The Great UnequalizerMinimum-wage legislation prohibits wages from falling low enough to equate the number of people seeking jobs with the number of jobs being offered. As a result, the supply of unskilled labor permanently exceeds the demand for unskilled labor at the government-mandated minimum wage. Minimum-wage legislation thus creates a buyers market for unskilled labor. And as in all buyers markets, buyers (employers) have an unequal bargaining advantage over sellers (unskilled workers). Consider, for example, a grocer. Suppose he decides that a clean parking lot will attract more customers, and that this will increase his sales by $10 per day.Of course, the grocer will pay no more than $10 a day to have his parking lot cleaned. He then investigates how best to get this done. Suppose there are two options available to him. One way is to betroth a fairly skilled worker who can clean the parking lot in one hour, while the second way is to hire two unskilled workers who, working together, will get the job done in the same time. Other things being equal, the grocer will make his decision based upon the relative cost of skilled versus unskilled labor. Lets assume the skilled worker will charge $6 an hour, while each of the unskilled workers will charge $2. 50 an hour.In a free labor market, the grocer will hire the two unskilled workers be-cause, in total, it costs him $5 per hour for the unskilled workers whereas it would cost $6 for the one skilled worker. But what will the grocer do if a minimum wage of $4 per hour is imposed? To hire the two unskilled workers will now cost him a total of $8 an hour. The skilled worker now becomes the better bargain at $6 an hour. Minimum-wage legislation strips unskilled workers of their one bargaining chip the willingness to work at a lower wage than that charged by workers with more skills. The result is unemployment of the unskilled workers.Consider another effect of the minimum wage. Because there are more people who want jobs at the minimum wage rate than there are jobs to go around, employers have little inducing to treat unskilled workers with respect. If an employer mistreats an unskilled worker, the employer need not be concerned if the worker quits. After all, there are plenty of unemployed unskilled workers who can be hired to fill positions vacated by workers who quit. In addition, the permanent buyers market created by the minimum wage encourages employers to discriminate in their hiring and firing decisions on the origination of sex, race, religion, and so on.Suppose an employer has two minimum-wage jobs available, but there are ten unskilled workers who apply for the jobs. cast off the workers are prohibited from competing with each other on the basis of wage rates, other factors must determine which of the workers will be hired. If the employer dislikes blacks, and if there are at least two non-black workers who have applied for employment, no black workers will be hired. With a surplus of unskilled workers, there is no economic incentive to stop this bigoted employer from indulging his prejudices.ConclusionMinimum-wage legislation creates an excess supply of unskilled labor and gives the buyers of unskilled labor an unfair bargaining advantage over the sellers of unskilled labor. It is a fantasy to believe that the welfare of unskilled workers can be improved by such legislation. Unskilled workers shouldnt be curtail to a permanent buyers market. Hong Kong Sets Minimum Wage At HK$28 Per Hour The citys new minimum wage finally has been released. The HK$28/hour base is roughly the cost of two cartons of milk, a fast intellectual nourishment meal or four premium beers.Secretary for Labor and Welfare Matthew Cheung Kin-chung said the new wage, set to come into effect May 1 if it passes the legislature, represented an average wage increase of 16. 9 part affecting some 314,600 employees. The cost will be roughly HK$3. 3 billion. Tabled for discussion at the Legislative Council Wednesday, the new wage was a milestone in the protection of the rights of low-income workers and a hard-won achievement given the rock amid the citys laissez faire system, Chief Executive Donald Tsang said.To offset the impact on the labor market, the Labor Department will improve employment services for the young, middle-aged and those with disabilities, he added. By the Minimum Wage Commissions estimates, the new minimum wage amounts to 48 percent of Hong Kongs median hourly wage during the second quarter of 2009. More than half (61. 4 percent) of the more than 314,000 workers expected to ben efit from the new minimum wage are women. A quarter of those who will benefit are over the age of 65 and 18 percent work in a part-time capacity, Cheung said. On a sector basis, 35.5 percent of workers are from security and cleaning companies while 19 percent work in restaurants and 16 percent in retail. Cheung said the impact on employment will be relatively mild, especially when viewed against the improving economic and labor market conditions. Shying by from commenting on concerns that employers would start cutting back on employee benefits to offset increases in costs due to the new wage, Cheung urged employers to communicate closely with their employees, particularly to have frank discussions and to work together.Unionist lawmaker Lee Cheuk-yan said he was disappointed with the rate saying it will be based on figures two years old before its implementation, adding HK$28 an hour was not enough to provide for a family. He elevate the HK$33 an hour rate supported by employee gro ups. Commission chairwoman Teresa Cheng Yeuk-wah said the commission does not think a HK$33 hourly rate was sustainable. She noted, half the burden would eat into company lettuce while the number of companies falling into the red would go up by 60 percent.She added those companies employed 120,000 workers. supply lawmaker Tommy Cheung Yu-yan said the new wage would be difficult for smaller operators to bear, calling for government relaxation such as the waiver of licenses fees for one year and subsidies (RTTNews) Hong Kong will implement its first minimum wage rate, set at HK$28 per hour, from next year, the Secretary for Labor and Welfare Matthew Cheung Kin-chung said Wednesday.The initial statutory minimum wage rate at 3. 61 per hour in U.S dollar terms will come into force on May 1, 2011. The rate was higher than that demanded by business, and less than the HK$33 prosperous by trade unions. Cheung said that the statutory minimum wage, which is totally new to Hong Kong, is in tended to protect basic workers and ensure that the pay that they get is commensurate with the hours worked. Regarding the wage rate, Chief Executive Donald Tsang said that it has been a subject of controversy and it is also a milestone in our protection of the rights of low-income workers.The minimum wage ordinance measure 2010 will be published in the Gazette on November 12 and tabled at the Legislative Council on November 17. About 314,600 or 11. 3% of Hong Kongs employees will be effected by the change, with 61. 4% being women staff, 25. 3% employees aged 55 and above, and 18. 8% part-time workers, the governments information service department said. In July, Hong Kongs Legislative Council passed the Minimum Wage Bill without stipulating the actual wage and thereafter formed a committee to set the minimum rate.

Keeping Appointments Essay Example for Free

Keeping Appointments leavenDoctors appointments are lost each and every day by people who either forget to launch up or choose not to call and cancel their appointment. This article bequeath look at some of the reasons why it is important to try to and keep doctors appointment and what to do if you must cancel. At my previous doctors surgery (office) in the UK, the surgery would regularly post the latest numbers of people who had not shown up for their doctors appointments. I was amazed at the staggering amount of people who failed to show up for their appointments. It was not besides a few individuals who did not show up. A large number of people regularly missed their scheduled doctors appointments. If you are a receptionist it can be very frustrating to work under these conditions. You will have to call patients when it is their turn to see the doctor and be left standing when no peerless appears.Then you must inform the doctor that the patient did not show up. One of th e reasons why it is crush to try and keep your doctors appointment is because it is the polite thing to do. Would you arrange a job interview with a company you were serious about working for but then fail to show up? It is exceedingly unlikely. Yet, members of the medical profession routinely have to deal with patients who do not show up for their appointments. It is as well important to keep your appointment if you will be receiving the results of blood tests, and other test results that will study your medical condition. This in turn will help doctors see what the next step should be in your courseof treatment. If you miss the appointment, you are not only wasting your doctors magazine.You could also place your health at venture if you do not start your treatment as quickly as doable. Sometimes, it is just not possible to keep a doctors appointment. It may clash with a business meeting at work or your childs emergency visit to the dentists. If you can, try to inform your do ctors surgery of the cancellation 24 hours in advance. But if that is not possible, let them know as soon as you can. That way, your appointment slot can be given to somebody else who may be in need of a last minute appointment. Keep in psyche that breaking an appointment without first calling to cancel can prevent someone else from being seen and it wastes the time of doctors and the rest of the team.

Henry Fayol Theory of Management Essay Example for Free

Henry Fayol Theory of Management EssayDEFINITION OF PUBLIC landing field THEORYIn rhetoric, the places were citizens exchange ideas, study, attitude and panoramas.The concept of Habermas commonplace world is a metaphorical nameinus used to describe the virtual space where people can interact through the world good web, for instance is not actually a web, cyberspace is not a space, and so with the public sphere.Its the virtual space where the citizens of a country exchange ideas and discuss issues in order to reach apprehension about matters of general interest(Jurgen, Habermas 1997105) HISTORY OF JURGEN HABERMASJurgen Habermas was born in Dusseldorf, Garmany in 1929, he had served in the Hilter younker and had been sent to them. The western front during the final months of the war.Habermas entrance onto the intellectual scence began in 1950s with an influential surveil of Martin Heideggers philosophy.He studied philosophy at universities of Gottingen and Bonn, which h e followed with studies in philosophy and sociology at the institute of companionable research under Maz Horkheimer and Theoder Adono. In the 1960s and 70s he target at the university of Heidelberg and Frankfurt am main. He thenaccepted a directorship at the Max Pianck institution in stamberg in 1971. In 1980 he won prize and two years later he took a professorship at the university of Frankfurt, remain there until his retirement in 1994.Habermas on the public sphere, he means first at al a dominant of our social life in which something coming out in which public opinion can be formed. The right is guaranteed to all citizen. A position of the public sphere comes in cosmos in every conversation in which private individuals assemble to form a public body.Citizens birth as a public body when they confer in an unrestricted fashion i.e, with the guarantee of emancipation of assembly and association and the freedom to express and publish their opinions about matters of general inter est. The contemporary publics sphere is characterized fit to Habermas. By the weathering of its critical components and capacities. In the past publicity was used to subject people or the map political closings to the public. To solar day the public sphere is recruited for the use of hidden policies by interest groups. For Habermas, the principles of the public sphere are weakening in the 20th atomic number 6. The public is no longer made out of crowd of individuals but of organized people that institutionally exerting their influence on the public sphere and debate. Habermas introduces the concepts of communicatory personnel as the key normative resources for countering the norn-free steering media of money and administrative forcefulness. Linking discourse with provide already suggests a intermixture of the normative resources of communicative feat with the impersonal force of power. Is such a conceptual mix stable? As the source for democratic legitimation of the use o f responsibility power, communicative power is a central notion in Habermass democratic theory.Although, in the medium of in restricted conversation new problem situation can be perceived more sensitively, discourses aimed at achieving self-understanding can be conducted more widely and expressively, collective identities and need interpretations can be articulated with fewer compulsions then is the look in procedurally regulated public sphere.HOW HABERMAS ANALYSIS PUBLIC COMMUNICATIONHabermas analysis public communication in medieval times there existed no separation or distinction between private and public sphere, dure to the class pyramid of the feudal system. This system for Habermas positioned greater power at every level and to this day conventions regarding the ruler persisted, with political authority retained by the highest level. Rulers saw the state and not as representatives of the state meaning that they represent their power to the people and not for the people.Ac cording to Habermas, by the late 18th century feudal institutions were finally disappearing along with churchs rule, making way to public power which was given autonomy. Rulers become public entities and professionalism bore the first signs of the bourgeois which become autonomous in resemblance to the government. Representational publicity was pushed over by a public force that formed around matter and territorial sentiment and individual struggling with public power found themselves outside its collective power. The term public did not refer to the representation of a man with authority, but rather became the legitimate power of exercising power. The public sphere, according to Habermas, was the final stage of these developments.HOW IMPORTANT HARBERMAS THEORYSolutions can be increase and tested for potential objections without the pressure to put opinion immediately in practice. Uncoupling communicated opinions from concrete practical obligations tends to go for an intellectua lizing effect. Furthermore, a great deal of political communication that does not immediately call for political action is certainly crucial to the political discourse a rich, democratic society. Free sphere plays an essential role in the political process as a cooperative search for truth.We should not be misled into thought process that the public sphere amounts to nothing more than a public force field in which people conference about governing. Nor does the public sphere have merely instrumental value for bringing relevant information into political process. The public sphere is a normativeconcept that plays a key role in the process that culminates in legitimate political decisions. According to Habermas, institutionalized democratic lawmaking and judicial review alone are insufficient to confer democratic legitimacy. Alone with legislative decisions, judicial and administrative decision are only ensured legitimacy through the normative reasons generated by an un-subverted public sphere. Otherwise, political decisions are use by the power struggles within the political system and not by citizens themselves who, as the addresses of the law, are the ones affected.Without robust political public sphere, there is little check on the administrative power that dictates the flow of communication and power within the political system and the citizenry. Thus, the public sphere theory is more inanely an arena for talking politics. It is the primary site for detecting problems, for generating radical democratic infuses, and for the deliberation of citizens, all of which are necessity for democratic legitimacy. In the following, I distinguish the important normative aspects of the informal public sphere theory. 1. Its communicative and organizational structure2. The capacities required to meet its deliberate role within a deliberative politics and 3. The qualified out comes or effects generated by the public sphere. This last aspect will lede into the discuss ion of crucial role of communicative power.

Australia Pre-Primary Education Industry Essay Example for Free

Australia Pre-Primary Education Industry EssayRising Traction of Private Players to raise Growth of Australia Pre-primary Education Industry Ken Research The pre-primary command and babe bursting charge commercializes in Australia make up showcased bring out growth trajectory over the years. The pre-primary grocery in Australia is an emerging market characterized by the rising consciousness about the quality early childhood procreation and c ar amongst parents.Although the public spending on the pre-primary statement in Australia is amongst the lowest spending countries in the OECD, the government has taken substantial steps to promote the irritate and the importance of the pre-primary preparation amongst the masses. The regional pre-primary markets in each of the state or territory differ from close to another(prenominal) as the governing system is decentralized.Henceforth while the market- officiate kindergartens account for a dominant share in the states such as New South Wales, Victoria and Queens land, in states including Western Australia, South Australia, Tasmania, Australian Capital Territory and Northern Territory, a vast majority of preschools are government funded and run. Subsequently, the format of teaching and age-group of the children varies accordingly. The child tutorship market in Australia is a developed and matured market and is marked by a high degree of fragmentation.The childcare market caters to children aged up to twelve and has experienced a tranquillise growth in the last six years, propelled by high demand prevailing in the market. In the last few years, childcare market has been increasingly recognized by the government as a means of increasing womens employability in the workforce. Henceforth, various provisions such as minor Care Rebates, Child Care Benefit have been provided, which has encouraged increasing enrollments in this sector. The market revenues of the childcare market have increased from USD 7, 081.6 million in FY2008 at a CAGR of 5. 6% during FY2008-FY2012. The marketplace of pre-primary pedagogy and childcare effort in Australia has witnessed a growing tote up of market players after the fall of the market attraction ABC learnedness in FY2008. A majority of the ABC centers was taken over by Goodstart Learning, a nonprofit organization, which accounted for % of the market share of the childcare market in FY2012. Other major players include G8 education and KU children services.The market has showcased an increasing number of profit-making players over the years, owing to the growing attractiveness of the market. With the increasing number of Long-day care centers providing preschool education, the pre-primary education market of Australia has been reflecting signs of growing integration with the childcare market. As the number of nuclear families and women workers has grown in the Australian economy, the dependency on child care has also consequently increased, leadi ng to many preschools providing child care services as well.The herald Australia Pre-primary Education and Childcare Industry Outlook to FY2017 provides detailed overview on the pre-primary education and childcare industry from various perspectives. The report encloses a comprehensive analysis of the various segments of the market reflecting the present scenario and future growth affected by changing industry dynamics in access years. Additionally, the report also entails information about the public and private sector initiatives, rational analysis of the macroeconomic factors, along with the profiles of the major market players of the pre-primaryeducation and childcare industry. The report will help industry consultants, companies and other stakeholders to align their market centric strategies according to ongoing and expected trends in future. For more information on the industry research report please refer to the below mentioned link http//www. kenresearch. com/education/pre- school-education/australia-pre-primary-educationresearch-report/398-99. htmlThe report titled Australia Pre-Primary Education and Childcare Industry Outlook to FY2017Increasing Influx of Private Players to Foster Industry Revenues provides a detailed analysis of the preprimary education and childcare industry covering various aspects including market size of pre-primary education and childcare markets in terms of revenues, enrollments, establishments and number of teachers, and market segmentation on the basis of gender and region-wise enrollments and sheath of funding institutions along with ongoing trends in the industry.The report also includes competitive landscape and profiles of the major players run in the industry. The future projections are included to provide an insight on the prospects in the Australia childcare market. The pre-primary and childcare industry of Australia is a diverse market which has undergone significant changes over the years. The pre-primary educati on and childcare markets in Australia are distinguished by the age-group of the target population and the mode of education. The childcare market of Australia is a matured market serving to children aged up to twelve.The type of services provided in the Australian market is quite diverse catering to the various needs and requirement of the families. The revenues of the child care market have grown powerfully over the years, with supply largely keeping in pace with demand. Over the past years, child care in Australia has evolved from a form of early learning and education to a key mechanism to defend labor force participation. The market for the childcare is competed by private businesses, communities and government run centres. The pre-primary education market of Australia is an emerging market marked by low penetration of the services.The enrollment rates for the children aged 3 and above are still very low. The formats and settings for preschool education in Australia vary from o ne state or territory to another with departments of education responsible for governing the preschool sector each state. Consequently, the market setting of pre-primary education sector is assorted, with Queensland being one of states which has mandated the admission in the pre-primary education for young kids. Preschool programs in Australia are run by both government and non-government services, including community preschools and child care providers.The competitive landscape of the Australia pre-primary and childcare industry is quite fragmented which has witnessed increasing market entries over the years after the fall of ABC Learning in FY2008, the market leader the industry. Presently, the childcare market of the industry features a number of players which operate on non-profit basis. However, the increasing influx of the profit-making players has been driving the revenues of the market in recent years. Goodstart Learning, G8 education and KU children services constitute some of the major players of the industry.The pre-primary education and childcare industry in Australia has been witnessing growing integration of the pre-primary and childcare markets with the increasing number of Long day care centers with preschool programs in the country. Preschools with childcare facilities are increasingly becoming a mutual phenomenon, with increasing trend of customized services being offered by the providers. Computer-based education has also entered into the preschool segment, reflecting the increasing quality of the education imparted.

At The Back of the Stage Essay Example for Free

At The anchor of the Stage EssayDated back April 7, 2014, at 800 pm the Search for Bb. Jimenez .The most reputable event in the town where I considered being one of my most unforgettable moments in intent because its like a dream came true. Before, Im fairish an audience who dreamed to be part of the show who ramp at the stage watched by my own fellow Jimeneznon. But its my fortune to be given a chance to be one of them. At the start I hesitate because its my first time to ramp at the stage crowded by a lot of people, but I changed my mind because I told to myself why not try it? There is postal code to lose of trying right? As long as we enjoy and we love what we do. Someone entrust say, how came that the Search for Bb. Jimenez 2014 is one of my unforgettable moment if I didnt made it to the top 5? Well, getting the Crown is not tout ensemble that matter but what matters most is the learnings, the experienced, the friendship we build with all the staff and the memories th at I will treasured for the rest of my life. Not all of us had given a chance to be part of that prestigious event. So, win or lost that moment will serene marked an important part of the piece of my heart and soul. In every competition it is not just the Crown, the medals, or any awards that matters but it is for us how we accept things without any regrets, because we all know within ourselves that we did our shell and accept the fact that in every competition from small to the biggest one there will invariably be a winner and there is always be a loser, Loser in the look of everyone but a winner for themselves.

William Cowper Essay Example for Free

William Cowper EssayI am compose to tell you each active my misfortunes I had last month upon my wedding day. My wife decided that after 10years of marriage that it was time to go on holiday for the first time. As you know, she is very conscious about money and extremely proud, so she brought a carriage for herself, our 3children, her sister and her child, and so I had to sit around upon a clamback behind them simply no-one was able to know. So formerly the morning arrived, I kissed her goodbye and we set off. The horse was misbehaving I could not control him at all, all the time he was bucking, trotting and galloping when it wasnt necessary and especially on stony roads, so I fell off about twice. Then Betty came running back to me and express that we had left the alcohol behind and so I tied it to my belt, one on each spatial relation so I was balanced and so I could try to not fall off of the horse. erst on my way for the second time, I finally got to some smoother road which became easier for the horse to ride upon.But instead of the easiness I believed this road would be it was the complete opposite, the horse got faster, he began trotting. I tried to get him to slow down but he wouldnt and the trot soon turned into a gallop, even up though I pulled the reins and demanded him to stop. It was terrifying, I was holding onto the reins for dear life. He continued to do this for miles, even through the towns. The towns people even believed I was racing and so cheered me on. I was confused and it scared the horse so it again galloped off leaving me holding on for dear life.I finally reached where I was meant to be and where my wife and the rest of my family were waiting for me. We went past them and they shouted after me to stop as they were all hungry and wanted to rest but the horse kept spill and wouldnt stop. We kept going until we reached the horses owners horse, and finally the horse stopped I got off the horse and spoke to its owner. He offered me dinner at his home, but I declined his request as it felt stupid to be having dinner in a different town to my wife, especially on our wedding evening.We were about to set off again, when suddenly a domestic ass made a noise and the horse set off yet again. We went racing on again, and once more we passed straight through the town I was meant to be staying. This time my wife saw me going past and told a messenger boy that if he caught up with me and brought me back safely consequently she would appoint him half-a-crown. So the boy set off after me and tried to stop my horse three clock by pulling at the reins. Unfortunately that didnt work, and the horse got more scared and so galloped faster and faster.We then went past some other people who mind I was a highwayman as I was riding away(p) and the boy was chasing after me. They kept shouting at me stop thief and as I didnt they all joined in, in the chase. When we arrived at the town I was meant to being staying at they thought I was still racing and so cheered me on even more, as they thought I had won. Was thusly a very bizarre way to spend my wedding day, and although I regret being away from my wife on that day I do not regret anything that happened that day

The Progressive Era Essay Example for Free

The Progressive Era EssayThe Progressive Era was a stopover of time when mass groups of people pushed for major changes. Some became successful while another(prenominal)s werent. Many different approaches were employ to try and change intravenous feeding areas. They were protecting brotherly welfare, promoting moral improvement, creating economic sort out, and fostering efficiency. The Progressives believed in four major principles which are demonstrated in the actions they took to support them.One objective the Progressives enforced was protecting social welfare, which they established in some ways. These groups of people wanted desperately to fix urban problems. With this mind set, the YMCA (Young Mens Christian Association) was founded. This association opened libraries, sponsored classes, and built swimming pools/handball courts, for the good of the city. A major supporter and leader of this unsnarl was Jane Addams. She created settlement houses in many a(prenominal ) cities they were homes for women to stay until they were back on their feet again. Jane Addams actions inspired many other women to pay off involved. With all that occurred during the Progressive Era, work sometimes seemed pointless, but thanks to numerous peoples hard work and dedication, many of the organizations still exist today.One significant stopping point the Progressives struggled to change was promoting morals. The Womens Christian Temperance Union became very(prenominal) involved during this reform. Frequently they would visit inmates and mental patients to see how they were managing during their time of hardships. WCTU believed that all women should founder the right to vote. ballot for women was a heavily debated issue during the Progressive Era. One main leader of the moral improvement reform was Susan B. Anthony. She had no limits she would try every law available related to voting in any way. She became a woman of power and an idol for others.Another notable d ebate at this time was prohibition, the banning of alcoholic drink. Reformers believed that with alcohol out of the picture, the poor could live a better life and many of the poor were immigrants. Therefore the immigrants would have an easier life when first coming to America. Alcohol was a part of the culture, so the push to ban alcohol would be a difficult task for the leaders. Promoting moral improvement became an important but laborious goal for the Progressives.Another goal for the Progressives was creating economic reform. They fought for many changes in business. Some started to question Laissez Faire in turn other people began to move towards socialism. The Sherman Antitrust Act was also brought back into play. The government used its power to give out monopolies, therefore helping small businesses. Also, Muckrakers wrote newspaper articles that criticized big businesses and social wrongs. Upton Sinclair, author of The Jungle, tried to show the nave public and government the truth about the meaning companies. His book involved detailed and gory findings that when promulgated aroused many people.Sinclairs book influenced Theodore Roosevelt, the current President of the United States at the time, to send officials in to the meat factories to investigate what was really going on. Upon this investigation, new laws were made and enforced. The everlasting(a) Food and Drug Act impose that companies must print on the labels what was truthfully in the product. Efforts made to change the economy were time consume and troublesome but yielded good results.The last principle the Progressives believe in was fostering efficiency. The reformers wanted things to be orderly and organized. To them, this was being efficient, by not wasting energy. The idea of scientific management included many practices including applying science to businesses and making things simple would produce more money. This was the main concept of scientific management. Henry get over was a supporter of scientific management. Mr. Ford developed the assembly line, which increased production by a large amount. With the introduction of the assembly line, work for the employee became demanding and repetitive. The worker stood in one place, where they were presented with work from a conveyer belt belt. Ford then brought the five-dollar workday into play attracting many employees to come work for him. Fostering efficiency was a well-met goal for the Progressives.In summary, it can be stated that the Progressive Era brought many changes into our generation. Even though quite a few of these actions happened in the 1900s they still affect us today in 2001. The Pure Food and Drug Act, the YMCA, and others still exist today with few revisions. The Progressives had four main principles which they believed in and all the same today they continue to influence us.

A safe Choice-but her only choice Essay Example for Free

A safe Choice-but her only choice Es scanJames Joyces condensed story Eveline get dresseds the stage for a time between adolescence and maturity. Written in 1914, which was four years curtly of the womens suffrage in Ireland, the storys protagonist, Eveline, is largely influenced by the feminist issues. Since she has little control allwhere her flavor, Eveline has grown habituated to a routine livelihood. She is paralyzed from the thought of leaping into a new path. Eveline faces two extremes a silly home life or a dramatic escape to an uncertain future. Both extremes she deals with involve a adult male controlling her life. Living in the early 1900s women did non find the opportunity to be independent.No matter which path she chooses, she would still answer to a man. She lives in a male-dominated world in which she is stark of choice and emotion. She is helpless against the way her life is heading. Considering this, one cannot blame her for choosing to stay home be cause it was not much of a choice, and she has never made an independent choice of her own. If she left with frank, her lover, and then there could be the mishap of danger. She felt him seize her hand (Joyce 7). Joyces choice of diction seize tells the audience that Evelines halt is up because she k todays how a man can be abusive.She saw this with her mother and father and wants to have a life different from her mother but cannot. Furthermore, psychologically, Eveline cannot move towards vocal because she was exposed to a life of house servant violence, which her mother and older brothers endured. She knows how violent a man who at times can be change surface kind, funny, and sweet. She remembered her father putting on her mothers bonnet to make the children laugh (Joyce 6). That same man turns into an aggressive, ruthless man who selfishly makes his daughter feel guilty almost herself. On the other hand, she has cognize him her entire life.Her older brothers used to take the beating and now that they are not there he had begun to threaten her and say what he would do to her for only her dead mothers sake (Joyce 4-5). If she has kaput(p) 19 years without a beating, then there would be a good chance of his threats as just talk. Since he says, he will not hit her for her dead mothers sake, then one would think he would honor his word for the respect of his deceased wife. All of Evelines life has revolved around her family. She runs her household domestically and works for a living in which all her lolly wind up with her father.In addition, she manages to care for her two younger siblings seeing them to school and preparing dinner. Since the death of her mother, she took over domestically and maternally with no choice. Her mother, on her deathbed, made Eveline promise to keep the home together as long as she could (Joyce 6). By doing so her mother has caused another obstacle Eveline must face in order to leave, that is the guilt of a broken promise. As any good daughter would, she stays to pull through her vow. This vow gives Eveline another excuse to stay home and carry out her routine life.In addition, Eveline knows the difficulties of her life but she still prefers it. Joyce explains Evelines view of her life a hard life but now that she was about to leave it she didnt find it a wholly undesirable life (5). Any modern day daughter with those responsibilities would find that a very undesirable life, but Eveline changing her mind about leaving shows the reader how she cannot bear to abandon her family and this life, which has been the only occasion, she has known her whole life. Because compared to an unbeknown(predicate) destiny, Eveline would much quite a stay home and be miserable because she would expect this.Being a woman with little say in her everyday life, the present opportunity is new to her, and she cannot make a major decision on her own because she has never had to. Eveline has been given an opportunity to flee home in hopes of happiness, but she could not endangerment a life of uncertainty. Frank, a sailor, offers a chance of happiness to her and she had begun to ilk him (Joyce 6). Eveline says that she like(s) him not loves. Can their like for one another be enough to survive in the New World? Joyce says that Eveline begun meaning she simply knew if she was interested in him not if she was ready for a lifetime commitment.Evelines upbringing influences her adult decisions because she has never known anything but Ireland. The fear of leaving home is essentially, why she doubts Frank. A future with him is not set in stone thus, it cannot be. As one might foreshadow, she chooses the hell she knows rather than the possible hell of the unknown (Rogers 172). Hell here symbolizes the men and she would much rather be with the well-known(prenominal) than the unfamiliar. She likes to play it safe because if Frank turns out to be the worst, then where will she go since going back home is not an option.As they are ready to begin this epic adventure in her life, Eveline believes that he would drown her. She gripped with twain transfer at the iron training (Joyce 7). The first part he would drown her meaning he would not save her from this wretched life. This is a change of setting from the window seal to the sea. The window was sturdy, whereas, the sea is eer moving. She is unable to adjust to this new path because she believes Frank cannot guarantee a life better than her home. She gripped with both hands at the iron railing symbolizes her paralysis.The iron railing signifies the home ground and she grips on the rail for dear life. Her actions tell the reader how fearful she is to leave her homeland. Eveline does not want to depart the only thing she has known. Evelines life is routine from the footsteps in front of her house to turning her wages to her father every week. But Eveline perceives any and every change as a loss she knows this with her head, her heart rejec ts it (Rogers 171- 172). Eveline cannot seem to fag the changes around her as a positive because deep inside her she knows where she must be, at home.Meeting Frank was a change to her and instead of embracing it she ultimately fears it. Even, if staying home will most likely conk to a miserable life one like her mothers, she would because she cannot accept change. Today, most young women have not had to endure a life of commonplace sacrifices (Joyce 6). Sadly, Eveline has no choice but to stick to the familiar and steer away from any fickle opportunities. If Joyce set the setting during a modern era, then Eveline would be more aware of the opportunities there are now. Furthermore, the world today has come along way and is not as male-dominated as before.

Problem Answer to Law of Evidence Question

Problem Answer to Law of licence QuestionIn this coursework I have paid particular attention on the younker umpire and nefarious tell profess 1999(YJCEA) , Criminal Justice bit 2003 , formula D of PACE 1984 Code of Pr promptice and slicknesss much(prenominal) as Turnbull 1977 , R v Hanson 2005 , R v Vye 1993 and other relevant cuttings in social club to solve this problem question based on iniquitous proceedings and interpret the statutes , the global rule and exceptions of hearsay severalize ,apply the effect laws and critically evaluate and analyses them.In this reachn set of features we take to discuss and apply the legal rules of induction in the context of criminal proceedings specifically watchman competence compellability, good separate badness grapheme, general rules of hearsay evidence and its exceptions with the proper application of youthfulness Justice and Criminal manifest Act 1999 ( YJCEA) and Criminal Justice Act 2003 and relevant cases , j ournals , articles .According to the facts doubting doubting Thomas is only 11 years old who saw two men putting electrical equipment into the belt of a white van. He along with Harry J unitys identified Adam King as iodin of the men they saw at a video credit procedure . this instant we need to focus on mainly whether Thomas is really competent to yield evidence and even if he can, what type of evidence he pull up stakes provide .As a tyke low 14 Thomas moldiness give unsworn evidence.1 In this essence the test for sworn testimony is set out in R v Hayes2 which is un obligatory in this scenario .However, in R v MacPherson3 the judicatory of Appeal held that a 5 years old child is competent in tolerant visualise .Moreover, the evidence of children on a lower floor 14 is to be granted unsworn and that a childs evidence must be resuscitate unless it appears to the act that the child is incapable of understanding questions put to him and unable to give answers which can b e understood.4The court must decide non whether he is competent on grounds of age but whether he is capable of prominent intelligible evidence .It is submitted that a normal 11 years old child would be .The detectes credibility and reliability are relevant to the weight to be given to his evidence and office well from the land of a submission of no case to answer but they are non relevant to competence 5 . In delivering the judgment of the Court of Appeal in R v Sed6 old LJ pointed out that partitioning 53 does not expressly provide for 100% comprehension and in this case the Court of Appeal was much influenced by the earlier decision in R v D .7Allowance should be made on the witnesss performance .In this fact it whitethorn vary fit in to the subject matter of the questions, on the length of time between the events referred to by the witness and the date of the unbelieving and on all strong feelings that those events may have caused 8 as to whether Thomas is really compe tent to give evidence or not .Moreover according to the statute there is no minimum age for childrens to give evidence.9In this fact, Thomass parents informed the CPS that Thomas is nervous about giving evidence in court .In relation with this there is a possibility to use of picky Measures comparable to use screens10, live inter-group communication 11 , video recorded evidence in chief 12 , evidence to be given in private 13 by the pursuance.In this case the court can interview the child witness14 and it could be a video interview if necessary 15 .It may be considered that Thomas might encounter supererogatory difficulty in testifying .Under variance 16 (1) (b) and percentage 16 (2) of the YJCEA 199916 may give evidence by means such as live video link or pre recording . In R ( On the application of D ) v Camberwell Green early days Court 17 the Divisional Court held that particular measures provisions , here involving children , were compatible with article 6 ( 3 ) ( a ) of European Convention of mankind Rights 18 which embodies the defendants near to examine or have examined witnesses against him .As person under 18 Thomas may also be eligible for special Measures Directions .Under section 21 ( 1 ) ( a ) of the youth Justice Act and Criminal usher Act 1999(YJCEA)19 as amended by the Coroners and Justice Act 2009 , the primary rule in requiring admission of a video interview as examination in chief and cross examination through a live link or video link 20at runnel , applies to all witnesses under 18 , regardless of the nature of the offence . However , under section 21 if the court determines that under the primary rule special measures would minimize the quality of the witnesss evidence because court can consider a screen which will be undefended for Thomas to elect to give oral evidence in chief or testify in the courtroom rather than using the live link or pre recorded police video 21.Under section 21 (4C) of YJCEA 1999 the court will consider some factors 22.Although Thomas is not in an age where he might be expected to be able to give live testimony as he is nervous in giving evidence in court according to the facts but he may be accompanied by an adult to provide support for example his mother who have no personal involvement in this case .Now we need to assess the admissibility of the identification evidence against George smith .It mainly deals with Code D of PACE 1984 Codes of Practice.23Breaches of Code D sometimes can result in the exclusion of identification evidence under s.78 (1) of PACE. Because failure to comply with the provision in CODE D can affect the reliability of the evidence and reliability is an grave consideration in the application of s.78(1).An important case on the consequences of non-compliance with the provisions of Code D is R vGorja (Ranjit)24.Moreover if Code D do not justify the exclusion of identification evidence, they may require appropriate warnings to be given to the contro l panel 25 .In order to avoid chimerical identification of a defendant by prosecution witnesses the Court of Appeal recommended a new approach by trial arbiters to deal with the problems of identification in Turnbull26.The precautions in this case only apply whenever the prosecution case depends wholly or substantially on the correctness of one or more identifications of the defendant, and the defence alleges that the identifying witnesses are mistaken and in this case the prosecution substantially depends on the correctness on the identification of George. According to Shand v The Queen27 the prosecution may argue that the Turnbull selection must be given where identification is based on recognition. Moreover, one witness Thomas already mistaken to identify George 28.But sometimes Turnbull is not required when a witness failed to distinguish the suspect 29 and Thomas failed to recognize George.30In R v Forbes31 it was held that the breach of Code D did not require the evidence to be excluded under section 78 of PACE. However , in this fact , Thomas failed to identify George32.Moreover , George denied that he was involved in burglary33.It could be argue that the identification procedure under Code D paragraph 3.12 is not necessary in this fact .In R v Turnbull34 ,the Court of Appeal (CA) put down guidelines for the treatment of the identification evidence where the case depends wholly or substantially on the correctness of the identifications. The guidelines make it clear that the judge should remind the jury of every weakness in the identification evidence and that the judge should withdraw the case from the jury unless there is every other evidence which will support the identification evidence and in this fact there is another witness named Harry who confirmed and acknowledge George35 .In this fact it is highly seeming that the prosecution will be able to argue that identification of evidence against George Smith is allowable.The next issues to be consider Adam Kings preliminary curses for assault, robbery and burglary . Evidence of a witnesss bad credit did not have to amount to proof of a lack of credibility on the part of the witness.36 This question is concern with rules relating to the admissibility of defendants bad character and also the fairness of the changes made by CJA 2003. In this regard the Law Commission reports on bad character in 2002.37 The common law recognized the way in which evidence of character could be relevant. It could make allegations against a defendant more in all probability be true but the trial should not be used to investigate the truth of a former allegation. 38Sec-101 of CJA 2003 states that in criminal proceedings evidence of defendants bad character is admissible if one of the factors from sub-section 101(1) (a)-101(1)(g) is fit 39.In this regard we need to consider the three fold test in R v Hanson40which is laid down by the Court of Appeal. In this case the propensity41 to commit the offence is relied on as the basis for admitting evidence of a defendants bad character.42 The prosecution now may argue that his previous convictions is relevant to an important matter in this trial43 .But previous convictions for offences of the same description or category does not automatically mean that they should be admitted44.Adam Kings bad character might be admissible by the courts as the defendant has a propensity to committee offences of this kind because a single previous conviction can be sufficient to establish propensity45 .Moreover in Isichei46where the defendants propensity47 to supply cocaine was relevant to the issue of identification.In this issue we need to discuss as to how should the judge direct the jury about George Smiths character .In this fact George Smith already denied that he have any involvement in the burglary and he dont even have any previous conviction .Similarly in R v Aziz48 the house of Lords held that a person with no previous convictions was generally to be treated as being of good character49 and in this fact it could argue that George have good character .Whenever a evidence of good character is given , its significance must be explained to the Jury .The Court of Appeal laid down two limbs in R v Vye50. In this fact it could easy argue that the judge will direct the jury based on the Vye direction about Georges character.However , there were some problems in Vye direction like if someone plead guilty in any other county then he is no longer of good character but in this fact it is already apparent that George dont have any previous conviction .Moreover ,in R v M (CP)51 it was held that once the judge decided that the defendant should be treated as a person of good character then the full Vye direction on good character should be given as it is a matter of law .The prima facie rule of practice is to deal with this by giving a qualified Vye direction rather than no direction at all.52 According to R v Doncaster53 i t can easily argue that if the defendant has no previous conviction but bad character evidence is given under the Criminal Justice Act 2003 then a modified direction should be given .From the above discussion it can easily argue that the judge in this scenario should direct the jury about George Smiths character with Vye direction because it is the prima facie rule or practice.54Now we need to discuss the issue as to whether the persecution will be permitted to show the written instruction55 of Harry who is pitiful to New Zealand .From this issue it is apparent that we need to consider the statement as hearsay evidence which is be as a statement made outside off the court with the purpose of showing that the statement is true.56But generally in criminal cases hearsay is inadmissible which is also affirmed by Lord Normand in Teper v R 57.Moreover in Myers v DPP58 it was held that a contemporaneous record made by workers in a motor car factory of cylinder block and chassis numbers was held to be inadmissible hearsay.In this fact , we need to focus if the prosecution made a written statement from Harry then whether it will be admissible59.In this scenario , Harry was outside of UK60 and in relating with these sort of issue the Law Commission introduced a just practicability test which require the party wishing to adduce the evidence to make reasonable efforts to bring the witness to court but the court will take into account some factors such as the seriousness of the case and the importance of the information contained in the statement.61Moreover , in R v Castillio and Others 62 it was held that it was not reasonably practicable for the witness to attend and important consideration was given to the evidence given by the witness.The prosecution also argue that it falls inside the exception of the general rule as the witness Harry moved outside of UK63 and it was beyond reasonable doubt64.From the above discussion it is highly likely that the prosecution will be able to adduce the written statement of Harry at the trial.Total discussion Count = 3208BibliographyPrimary sourcesText BookDennis .I.H , The Law of Evidence , tertiary chance variable ,Sweet Maxwell 2007Durston . 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Interpreting the New Concept of Hearsay (2010) CLJ 72.Common LawsR v Hayes 1977 1 WLR 234R v MacPherson 2005 EWCA Crim 3605R v Sed2004 EWCA Crim 1294R v D 2002 2 Cr App R 36R v K 2006 EWCA Crim 472R v Powell 2006 EWCA Crim 3R ( On the application of D ) v Camberwell Green early days Court 2003 EWHC Admin 22R v Gorja (Ranjit) 2010 EWCA Crim 1939R v Forbes 2001 1 All ER 686Turnbull 1977 QB 224Shand v The Queen 1996 1 WLR 69, 72R v Nicholson 2000 1 Cr App R 182Thornton 1995 1 Cr App R 578 and Slater 1995 1 Cr App R 584R v Oscar 1991 Crim LR 778Limburne and Bleasdale 1994 Crim LR 118.R v Caldwell 1993 99 Cr App R 73R v Hanson 2005 1 WLR 3169Tully and woodland (2007) 171 JP 25R v McDonald 2007 EWCA Crim 1194.Isichei 2006 EWCA Crim 1 815R v Aziz 1996 AC 41R v Vye(1993) 97 Cr App R 134.Teper v R 1952 AC 480 at 486Myers v DPP 1965 AC1001R v Castillio and Others 1996 1 Cr App R 438R v Bray 1988 88 Cr App R 354R v Acton Justices ex p McMullen 1990 92 Cr App R 98Electronic Sourceswww.lexisnexis.co.ukwww.westlaw.co.ukwww.gov.co.ukwww.guardian.co.ukwww.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/police/operational-policing/pace-codes/pace-code-d-2011www.officialdocumentsgov.uk/document/hc1011/hc08/0829/0829.pdf11 Section 56(1) (2) of the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 19992 1977 1 WLR 2343 2005 EWCA Crim 36054 Section 53 (3) of the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 19995 R v MacPherson 2005 EWCA Crim 3605 , 2006 1 Cr App R 306 2004 EWCA Crim 12947 2002 2 Cr App R 368 Paragraph 45 46 where there is a endangerment that a complainant may be incompetent , the judge will usually before the trial have seen a video recording of the complainants interview with the police and so will be in some position to make a decision a bout competence after hearing submissions from prosecution and defence under Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 , section 279 Section 53(1) 0f Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 199910 Section 23 of Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 and R v Brown 2004 EWCA Crim 162011 Section 24 of Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 199912 Section 27 of Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 199913Section 25 of Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 199914 Guidance for Vulnerable or Intimidated Witness , including children (The Memorandum 2002) and it is also available in www.cps.gov.uk15 Rv K 2006 EWCA Crim 472 , R v Powell 2006 EWCA Crim 316 Section 16 ( 1 ) ( b) of YJCEA 1999 states that if the court considers that the quality of evidence given by the witness is likely to be diminished by reason of any circumstances falling within section ( 2 ) like section 16 ( 2 ) ( a ) states that the witness suffers from mental disorder within the meaning of Mental Health Act 1983 .17 2003 EWHC Admin 2218 Article 6 (3) ( a ) of ECHR states that everyone charged with a criminal offence has the following minimum rights(a) to be informed promptly, in a language which he understands and in detail, of the nature and cause of the accusation against him19 Section 21 (1) ( a) of YJCEA 1999 states that a witness in criminal proceedings is a child witness if he is an eligible witness by reason of section 16 ( 1 ) ( a) of YJCEA states that whether or not he is an eligible witness by reason of any other provision of section 16 or 17 of YJCEA20 R v Camberwell Green Youth Court 2005 1 WLR 39321 R v Powell 2006 1 Cr App R 3122Under section 21 (4C) of YJCEA 1999 the court will consider some factors such as (a) the childs age and maturity date , (b) the childs ability to understand the consequence of giving evidence in a diametrical way , (c) the relationship between the witness and the accused , (d) the childs social and cultural priming coat and ethnic origins and (e) the nature and alleged cir