Organizational Culture Analysis Essay examples - 628 Words

Organizational Culture Analysis Danielle Stacey Business 610 Dr La Tonya Gale February 25, 2013 Each organization has a different culture. The culture can help shape how an organization functions and has the potential to set it apart from the competition. There are three levels to culture: observable artifacts, espoused values, and enacted values (Baack, 2012). Each level plays a different part within an organization. State Farm Insurance is the larges mutual property and casualty insurance carrier in the United States. The company was founded over 90 years ago and has had plenty of time to develop their layers of culture. Observable artifacts are the outward viewable signs of an organization. Observable artifacts are viewed†¦show more content†¦The last layer of culture is enacted values. These values are the actual behaviors exhibited by the employees. Rick Darby of Safety Culture (2012) stated, â€Å"the enacted values of an organization†¦may be at a considerable distance from those proclaimed in official statements and public relations material† . In the case of State Farm and being â€Å"remarkable†, employees are having a hard time providing the remarkable service. Slow systems, being short handed, and a disconnect between operation employees and agents, contribute to less than remarkable service. These enacted values differ from what the company would like but not much has been done to rectify the situation. Darby (2012) believed if a great gap was found between enacted values of the employees and the espoused values of upper management, there could be confusion and dissatisfaction. The dissatisfaction found in employees can start to alter the observable artifacts of the company. The recognition of State Farm for being an admired company will stop being awarded if management does not address the enacted value of its employees. The three levels of culture contribute to how an organization is presented to the public. Observable artifacts, espoused values, and enacted values all supply a foundation for the org anization’s culture. The culture of the organization is part of what defines their success and growth. State Farm is known as the good neighbor company but needsShow MoreRelatedConcept Of Culture And Organizational Analysis1269 Words   |  6 Pages3.0 LITRATURE REVIEW 3.1 Concept of culture and organizational analysis: The concept of culture has been linked increasingly with the study of organisation (Graves and Rouse, 1990). Nevertheless, Organisational culture is a set of beliefs, values, and norms, together with symbols like dramatized events and personalities, which represents the unique character of an organization, and provides the context for action in it and by it (Deshpande and Webster, 1989; Ravasi and Schultz, 2006; Xiaoming andRead MoreAn Analysis of Organizational Culture Essay2329 Words   |  10 PagesRunning head: An Analysis of Organizational Culture An Analysis of Organizational Culture Abstract The following is an observation and analysis of the role an organization’s values play on the development and state of its culture. This analysis is based on five interviews of both male and female workers from a privately owned manufacturing company with annual revenues exceeding a billion dollars. In forming my conclusions, I will analyze the synthesis ofRead MoreAnalysis Of Lincoln Electric Organizational Culture1036 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis of Lincoln Electric organizational culture Lincoln Electric was founded at the end of the 19-th century by John C. Lincoln. He was a talented engineer who invested 200 dollars in his product electrical motors. Soon he was replaced by his younger brother James F. Lincoln, and the founder of Lincoln Electric dedicated his time to engineering activities and inventions. James F. Lincoln was a different type of inventor. He was a good manager with the nice strategic point of view over manufacturingRead MoreOrganizational Culture Analysis : The Rosetta Stone 1065 Words   |  5 PagesBus610 – Organizational Behavior Unit 1 - Organizational Culture Analysis Dr. Charles Nichols Shannon Robertson January 26, 2015â€Æ' Archaeologists live for curios. As they uncover these sections of the past, a shred of fabric, a silver pot, a disintegrating divider, an ancient keeping in touch while they gradually start, piece by piece, to construct their understanding of a culture long gone. These curios are keys to the past. Without them, we know little or nothing whatsoever of the individualsRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Organizational Culture And Leadership 1601 Words   |  7 Pagespositive culture and leadership environment. Although he attended different universities, Schein was focused and passionate for cultural psychology and the impact on organizations. He emphasizes on the importance of culture within a company and how it provides structure and meaning in the organization. Edgar Schein explains that you can create value in culture and strengthen the leadership aspects of the organization at the same time. This book suggest that developing the right kind of culture deeplyRead MoreAnalysis Of Gareth Morgan Defines Organizational Culture2553 Words   |  11 PagesINTRODUCTION Every organization has its own unique culture. Gareth Morgan defines organizational culture as: A set of beliefs, values, and norms, together with symbols like dramatized events and personalities that represents the unique character of an organization, and provides the context for action in it and by it (1997). Corporate culture depicts the essence of an organization. It aids in guiding employees conduct in the workplace. It also forges specific rules, institutes endurance for riskRead MoreHps Organizational Culture Analysis1287 Words   |  6 PagesOrganization: Hewlett – Packard (HP) Organization Culture: The organization culture of Hewlett-Packard is also known as â€Å"The H-P Way†. Within the context of â€Å"The H-P Way†, the employees of the organization together with the management are expected to follow a saying â€Å"Don’t Be Evil†. The H-P Way is supposedly to be honest in all its operations and in all of the information coming out from the business organization. But, one cannot remove the fact that not all information are going out and beingRead MoreAnalysis Of Inclusive Leadership And Organizational Culture1390 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of Inclusive Leadership A corporation in the United States began a major expansion project, moving into the international markets of Germany, Iran, Singapore, and Greece. My participation in this initiative centralized on leading the Inclusive Leadership Team (ILT), whose task included investigating the suitability of the inclusive leadership model for this effort. To facilitate the appropriate incorporation of inclusive leadership in this global effort, I led the ILT in determining theRead MoreWhat Is Organizational Culture And Discuss Factors Associated With Understanding An Organization Is Its Success1353 Words   |  6 PagesCulture of the organization is its success The following essay examines the meaning of organizational culture and discuss factors associated with understanding an organization s culture, with examples presented to show my discussion points. This essay will therefore discuss some of the main reasons why it is important for organisation and when it should be changed. In the era of globalization, exploring and understand the culture and behavior of the organization have become very important, asRead MoreOrganizational Theory Multiple Perspectives1514 Words   |  7 Pagestheory, organizational phenomena should be studied in different ways. Different ways of thinking produce different perspectives which come to different concepts and theories. In this essay, multiple perspectives which are modern, symbolic-interpretive and post-modern will be defined. By examine the assumptions, which are ontology and epistemology underlying each of these perspectives, they can be compared. Also, how these perspectives contribute to different ways to think about organizational culture

Hospital Case Study Essay - 1311 Words

The cost of Medical equipment plays a significant role in the delivery of health care. The clinical engineering at Victoria Hospital is an important branch of the hospital team management that are working to strategies ways to improve quality of service and lower cost repairs of equipments. The team members from Biomedical and maintenance engineering’s roles are to ensure utilization of quality equipments such as endoscope and minimize length of repair time. All these issues are a major influence in the hospital’s project cost. For example, Victory hospital, which is located in Canada, is in the process of evaluating different options to decrease cost of its endoscope repair. This equipment is use in the endoscopy department for†¦show more content†¦Mark Grieg, the hospital’s manager of Clinical Engineering had to question the third parties’ quality of work because of the unsatisfactory results. After the try out test from the competitorâ €™s service, the cost over the long term ended up costing VH more due to additional repair that had to be performed by OEM. After all these setbacks, Mr. Grieg and his teams continued to strategize ways to resolve this issue. The team where knowledgeable about VH’s in house repairs of certain hospital equipments and had to figure out if the company where capable of repairing the endoscope due to the complicated nature of the equipment. One of the team members, Steve Elder suggested a coordination process between Victoria Hospital and its affiliated partners. This suggestion was due to a meeting Mr. Elder had attended in Toronto where multiple hospitals combined their purchasing budgets to form an in house repair department. The in house repair process would entail pre repair screening which will supply estimates for needed services. The annual budget for equipment parts will decrease and approximate repair time will minimize due to the availability of an in-house trained technician. For example, the in house repair estimated that the annual equipment part cost would be $25,000 compare to the $20,000 to $30,000 additional fee that VH currently pay to the outside vendor. The other benefits related to this service are theShow MoreRelatedhardy hospital case study answers Essay1426 Words   |  6 PagesRead and Download Ebook Hardy Hospital Case Study Answers PDF at Online Ebook Library HARDY HOSPITAL CASE STUDY ANSWERS PDF Download: HARDY HOSPITAL CASE STUDY ANSWERS PDF Are you seeking Ebook HARDY HOSPITAL CASE STUDY ANSWERS PDF?. Getting Ebook Hardy Hospital Case Study Answers PDF is simple as well as easy. Mostly you have to spend much time to browse on search engine and does not obtain Ebook Hardy Hospital Case Study Answers PDF files that you require. We are below to offer you, so you canRead MoreThe Five Case Studies : A Pre Knowledge And Skills Needs Assessment At The Newport, California Hospital1942 Words   |  8 PagesThe five case studies focus on different needs which, as the following analysis indicates, can be grouped under four broad categories;Learning needs, operational or tactical needs and strategic needs. Learning needs:These are gaps in knowledge and skills between the current and the desired conditions. An example is the needs assessment conducted at the Newport,California hospital . The author, Judy conducted a pre Knowledge and skills needs assessment to analyse the areas to be focussed . She alsoRead MoreA Case Study On The County Hospital Essay989 Words   |  4 Pages Introduction In this case study on the County Hospital (CH) the problems that this organization faced will be discussed. The case study explores in detail leadership, business ethics, strategic management, accountability, stewardship, whistleblowing, organizational change and performance architecture. The case will also mention the necessary steps taken to restore the organization proprietary within the market. The organization will determine/evaluate its culture and environment. Furthermore, CHRead MoreMemorial Hospital Case Study1449 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: The Operating Room is known as the â€Å"cash cow† in most hospitals. Surgical supply, implants, and instrumentation consume a large percentage of a hospital’s annual budget. As a result, proper room utilization with procedures requiring the sterile field of an operating room is essential. Memorial Hospital has over 30 surgical suites and estimates an annual increase of 10 percent in cases; meanwhile they are struggling to keep up with their current volume. While annual volume will continueRead MoreHospital Supply Case Study4915 Words   |  20 PagesQuestion 4 12 Question 5 13 Question 6 14 Question 7 16 V. CONCLUSION 18 Bibliography 19 INTRODUCTION The case is about manufacturing company, Hospital Supply, Inc., that produced hydraulic hoists for the local market. The hydraulic hoist is useful to the hospital for moving bedridden patients. Most of sales made to local hospitals. Significant to activity of sales and production of hydraulic hoist, there are costs incurred due to the consumption of resources. PresentedRead MoreHospital Supply Case Study4909 Words   |  20 Pages10 Question 4 12 Question 5 13 Question 6 14 Question 7 16 V. CONCLUSION 18 Bibliography 19 INTRODUCTION The case is about manufacturing company, Hospital Supply, Inc., that produced hydraulic hoists for the local market. The hydraulic hoist is useful to the hospital for moving bedridden patients. Most of sales made to local hospitals. Significant to activity of sales and production of hydraulic hoist, there are costs incurred due to the consumption of resources. PresentedRead MoreMemorial Hospital Case Study824 Words   |  4 Pages⠝â€" WHAT I VALUE . . . FAMILY – A Family is my learning center for life and our shelter in times of storms and problems. RELATIONSHIP – it enhance our life experience exponentially,particularly the relationships we have with those closest and it provide a yardstick by which we can examine and live out our values--that is, when each persons values are acknowledged, respected, and equally supported within the relationship. WORK – one of the fundamental source of learning and when you work,Read MoreTransportation To A Hospital Case Study846 Words   |  4 Pagesmiddle-income countries is that these regions are predominantly rural. As a consequence, transportation to the hospital may be at a great extent a barrier to care. However, for those patients who manage to access the surgery, they would commonly encounter lengthy queues, overcrowding, poor facilities and shortage of trained personnel. [2] As described by Erica Frenkel [1], in a hospital in rural Malawi, only one person would be qualified to deliver anaesthesia and not a single of biomedical engineersRead MoreCase Study Hospital Supplies1715 Words   |  7 PagesI. PROBLEM City Hospital Supplies, Inc. is faced with the means to develop the Philippine market for the three product lines of Sneider Company for its startup operations. II. SWOT ANALYSIS STRENGTHS †¢ Limited liability of owners The shareholders are not personally liable for corporate acts and debts. This means that in case of liquidation of the company, if the companys assets are insufficient to meet the liability, nothing is required to be contributed by the owners. OnlyRead MoreThe Unhealthy Hospital Case Study1347 Words   |  6 PagesThe unhealthy hospital case is about a hospital named Blake Memorial that has been in a very bad shape, lacks in providing the best quality of care, is in debt, and financially imbalanced. It is important for a healthcare set up to maintain balance in the financial system so the stakeholders and customers who are the patients their interests are met. If the hospital is lacking in providing the best quality of care for its community and the community is in high needs of the care than the CEO’s of

Annotated Bibliography Social Media Currency

Question: Discuss about theAnnotated Bibliographyfor Social Media Currency. Answer: Clark, D. B. (2015). The Bot Bubble: Click Farms Have Inflated Social Media Currency.The New Republic. From the article, it can be find out that Kim Casipong strolls past barbed wire, six dogs and watchman for getting her job in a pink colored apartment in Lapu-lapu city. She is pretty enough, milk-skinned 17 years old girl who loves Frozen movie and her best pastime is singing karaoke. She has the intention to bring down Facebook, as her role is in hijacking the currencies of the social Medias like Facebook likes, twitter followers. She starts the procedure initially by entering the specifications of the clients into the proper website through fake name and then creates an email account (Clark, 2015). After that she inserts a SIM card into a Nokia cell phone and follows the entire procedure through after receiving the verification code. After this step she enters that verification code into Facebook using the security logarithm and the surprising fact is that the entire procedure takes only three minutes time (Clark, 2015). From the article, it can be found out that the takeover of the social media of the internet has been swift enough as well as dramatic and in between this time, many parallel activities came into existence. It is one of the well known facts that there are two major terms of service in Facebook and among them; the law of one person and one account per person has failed to secure the reality. Therefore, it is understood that through advanced technology, hacking is possible and this presents threats to the authentic users (Clark, 2015). Unfortunately, it can be found out that Braggs intention was never to make the career in onlining, but the monetary issues forced him to give up his plan. Gradually he identified his business and expanded into Yahoo, Gmail, Twitter and PVAs. Facebook, one of the open panels of communicating with large numbers of people has become one of the places where hijackings take place and the case study has reflected the same (Clark, 2015). Credibility of the Source At the time of searching how click farms have inflated social media currency in search engine, I found this article. After going through the entire article, I have understood that this article has focused on the appropriate points that I was searching and thus this research paper has justified my question appropriately. I have understood that the author of this research paper has depth knowledge on different aspects of social media and thus the research paper has helped me to gain in-depth knowledge of the subject topic. A common question arises to all the users of Facebook that how much they like courgettes. As per the research done by a Facebook page, it can be found out that most people find this delightful enough to click the like button. However, it is shocking enough to know that many of these likes were fake and done by a team of low-paid employees. However, it is said enough to know that this disclosure could easily hurt Facebook, as this has tried to persuade the firms from advertising on Google and to chase likes as a measure of approval. From the search in Google, I gave found that every company a real desire amongst many corporations for boosting their profile on social media and they want the customers to know about their existence through this social media campaigning. This desire has give birth to this parallel structure of business with minimum wage to the employees and this has been affecting the situation negatively. I would use this article as a primary source for my final essay, as this has explored a different angle of social media.

The American International School of Bucharest Essay Example For Students

The American International School of Bucharest Essay In this novel, Marquez uses many literary devices in order to develop main themes that are being portrayed throughout the plot. The tumultuous relationship between Bayardo and Angela is expressive of the role of women in Gabriel Garcia Marquezs Chronicle of a Death Foretold, and while it is greatly affected by their fear of the societys opinion, it defines honor and respect, two motifs constantly visible in the novel. Bayardos objectifying treatment of Angela is a clear portrayal of a womans role in that Caribbean society. Womens roles are one of the major themes in the novel. The community in which the story takes place is a male dominant community so it is not surprising that women in the society have specific and no significant roles. This is actually a paradox as woman through reproducing create and provide men as well as the women satisfying their sexual needs. Pura is a strong woman that controls her children and being seen as very powerful. Angela and her mother are seen as two women taht come from a family in which they believe that they should be well respected from the towns people and keep their pride and honor which represents the main themes in the novel. That day I realized just how alone we women are in the world! (Pg.63 l.4-5) said Clotilde who owns the shop the two brothers were drinking at. Clotilde had to serve the two brothers with alcohol in order to stop them from killing San tiago which shows how powerful men are and that the only way that they could be stopped is by getting them drunk, it also relates to the fact that men are more dominant than women. Pedro Vicario asks Clotilde if he could have the razor and she gives it to him because she was scared. We will write a custom essay on The American International School of Bucharest specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now That was the point where Clotilde understands that women are actually alone in the world; she understood and realized that men are stronger, dangerous and cant be trusted. The fact that women cannot stop men from doing certain things shows that the womens status in the book is not as strong as men which are dominant. The sex role in the novel shows how women are weaker than men and that men have much more power than women. Angela accused Santiago Nasar of raping her, her honor and respect was diminished because of this which shows that it is not right for women to have sex before marriage but it is fine for a man which is not fair. Angela was humiliated and disgraced because of what had happened and her family reacted violently to it The only thing that I can remember was that she was holding me by the hair with one hand and beating me with the other with such rage that I thought that she was going to kill me (pg.46 l.23-24). The societys point of view has an immense effect upon the development of the relationship of the two characters, being the cause of all the significant changes in it. Bayard felt really dishonored because Angela lost her virginity to someone else before getting married to him and he did not want the society to feel bad for him. The society was really hypocritical as they judged everyone really harshly, especially Angela because of the incident that happened to her even though according to them, everything is a matter of faith and religion. The society affected Angela as she didnt only think of virginity as being only religious but it was also a matter of the societys norms. The society viewed Bayardo as a person with a lot of respect that has a good heart, is wealthy and comes from a good family and because of that, he couldnt just leave aside and let go to the fact that Angela is not a virgin. .ue5938114bbe4395ac82a1d1b7d020cea , .ue5938114bbe4395ac82a1d1b7d020cea .postImageUrl , .ue5938114bbe4395ac82a1d1b7d020cea .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue5938114bbe4395ac82a1d1b7d020cea , .ue5938114bbe4395ac82a1d1b7d020cea:hover , .ue5938114bbe4395ac82a1d1b7d020cea:visited , .ue5938114bbe4395ac82a1d1b7d020cea:active { border:0!important; } .ue5938114bbe4395ac82a1d1b7d020cea .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue5938114bbe4395ac82a1d1b7d020cea { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue5938114bbe4395ac82a1d1b7d020cea:active , .ue5938114bbe4395ac82a1d1b7d020cea:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue5938114bbe4395ac82a1d1b7d020cea .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue5938114bbe4395ac82a1d1b7d020cea .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue5938114bbe4395ac82a1d1b7d020cea .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue5938114bbe4395ac82a1d1b7d020cea .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue5938114bbe4395ac82a1d1b7d020cea:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue5938114bbe4395ac82a1d1b7d020cea .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue5938114bbe4395ac82a1d1b7d020cea .ue5938114bbe4395ac82a1d1b7d020cea-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue5938114bbe4395ac82a1d1b7d020cea:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Natural Curiosity by Margaret Drabble EssayHe had to prove to everyone that he will still keep his respect so he decided to break up with her because of the societys point of view of him. After he left the town, Angela wrote letters to him for years, se also got hit by her mother for losing her virginity before marriage and yet, the society still viewed him as a victim because they cancelled the marriage. Even though he didnt respond to any of the letters, he came back to Angela after many years with the letters she sent him in order to give Angela back her respect but still keeping his own as well because he did not open any of the letter in order to prove to the societ y his status in the relationship between Angela and him. At the end, in order to not be lonely old people, they got back together. They did this so that the society wouldnt think that someone wants them and they wil still have their honor and respect from the society. Honor plays an important part in determining the relationship between Angela and Bayardo, as does the respect that significantly sacrifices his lover for her. In the Colombian culture, honor is considered to be really important and is taken very seriously. No one ever talks about the honor of someone else in the town as it is something that everyone should have and keep intact. A person in the community that is without honor is considered to be an outcast. Santiago Nasars murder was responsible for the defense of the Angela and her familys honor. Angelas brothers had to kill Santiago in order to bring back the honor to their sister and their family. Angela gets married to another man while she has already had sex with someone else which dishonored her family and diminished her respect. Angelas brothers wanted to get back the familys respect, and the only way they could do that is to kill Santiago who according to her, took away her virginity. Most of the people in the town thought th at the brothers were taking the right decision as they believed that the crime was really malicious and the criminal deserved a cruel punishment. They think that letting the brothers kill Santiago is a sensible revenge for such a terrible crime which point out how terrible I was to have sex with a woman that did not get married yet, it disabled her chances to marry a proper man whiles marriage is very important in a life of a woman in order to achieve a lot of things in this world. Even though Angela lost her virginity and her honor, her brothers still went to jail which shows how much they had to pay off and risk their lives in order to get back the honor and the respect that her family deserved. Marquez focuses mainly on the relationship between Angela and Bayardo in his novel Chronicle of a Death Foretold. Theyre relationship has been affected because Angela list her virginity to another man before getting married to Bayardo. This was taken really seriously because of the role of women in the Colombian culture as they are not allowed to have sex before marriage. The societys point of view of the two had an effect on the development of the relationship between them and caused a lot of changes in it as Bayrdo wanted to have respect from the society and keep his status in the society and Angelas brother tried to get their sisters honor back.

Lockheed P-38 Lightning in World War II

Lockheed P-38 Lightning in World War II Designed by Lockheed in 1937, the P-38 Lightning was the companys attempt to meet the requirements of the US Army Air Corps Circular Proposal X-608 which called for a twin-engine, high-altitude interceptor. Authored by First Lieutenants Benjamin S. Kelsey and Gordon P. Saville, the term interceptor was specifically used in the specification to bypass USAAC restrictions regarding armament weight and number of engines. The two also issued a specification for a single-engine interceptor, Circular Proposal X-609, which would ultimately produce the Bell P-39 Airacobra.   Design Calling for an aircraft capable of 360 mph and reaching 20,000 ft. within six minutes, X-608 presented a variety of challenges for Lockheed designers Hall Hibbard and Kelly Johnson. Assessing a variety of twin-engine planforms, the two men finally opted for a radical design that was unlike any previous fighter. This saw the engines and turbo-superchargers placed in twin tail booms while the cockpit and armament were located in a central nacelle. The central nacelle was connected to the tail booms by the aircrafts wings.   Powered by a pair of 12-cylinder Allison V-1710 engines, the new aircraft was the first fighter capable of exceeding 400 mph. To eliminate the issue of engine torque, the design employed counter-rotating propellers. Other features included a bubble canopy for superior pilot vision and the use of a tricycle undercarriage. Hibbard and Johnsons design was also one of the first American fighters to extensively utilize flush-riveted aluminum skin panels. Unlike other American fighters, the new design saw the aircrafts armament clustered in the nose rather than mounted in the wings. This configuration increased the effective range of the aircrafts weapons as they did not need to be set for a specific convergence point as was necessary with wing-mounted guns. Initial mockups called for an armament consisting of two .50-cal. Browning M2 machine guns, two .30-cal. Browning machine guns, and a  T1 Army Ordnance 23  mm autocannon. Additional testing and refinement led to a final armament of four .50-cal. M2s and a 20mm Hispano autocannon.       Development Designated the Model 22, Lockheed won the USAACs competition on June 23, 1937. Moving forward, Lockheed commenced building the first prototype in July 1938. Dubbed the XP-38, it flew for the first time on January 27, 1939 with Kelsey at the controls. The aircraft soon achieved fame when it set a new cross-continent speed record the following month after flying from California to New York in seven hours and two minutes. Based on the results of this flight, the USAAC ordered 13 aircraft for further testing on April 27. Production of these fell behind due to the expansion of Lockheeds facilities and the first aircraft was not delivered until September 17, 1940. That same month, the USAAC placed an initial order for 66 P-38s. The YP-38s were heavily redesigned to facilitate mass production and were substantially lighter than the prototype. Additionally, to enhance stability as a gun platform, the aircrafts propeller rotation was changed to have the blades spin outward from the cockpit rather inward as on the XP-38. As testing progressed, problems with compressibility stalls were noticed when the aircraft entered steep dives at high speed. Engineers at Lockheed worked on several solutions, however it was not until 1943 that this problem was completely resolved. Specifications (P-38L): General Length: 37 ft. 10 in.Wingspan: 52 ft.Height: 9 ft. 10 in.Wing Area: 327.5 sq. ft.Empty Weight: 12,780 lbs.Loaded Weight: 17,500 lbs.Crew: 1 Performance Power Plant: 2 x Allison V-1710-111/113 liquid-cooled turbo-supercharged V-12, 1,725 hpRange: 1,300 miles (combat)Max Speed: 443 mphCeiling: 44,000 ft. Armament Guns: 1 x Hispano M2(C) 20 mm cannon, 4 x Colt-Browning MG53-2 0.50 in. machine gunsBombs/Rockets: 10 x 5 in. High Velocity Aircraft Rocket OR 4 x M10 three-tube 4.5 in OR up to 4,000 lbs. in bombs Operational History: With World War II raging in Europe, Lockheed received an order for 667 P-38s from Britain and France in early 1940. The entirety of the order was assumed by the British following Frances defeat in May. Designating the aircraft the Lightning I, the British name took hold and became common usage among Allied forces. The P-38 entered service in 1941, with the US 1st Fighter Group. With the US entry into the war, P-38s were deployed to the West Coast to defend against an anticipated Japanese attack. The first to see frontline duty were F-4 photo reconnaissance aircraft which operated from Australia in April 1942. The next month, P-38s were sent to the Aleutian Islands where the aircrafts long range made it ideal for dealing with Japanese activities in the area. On August 9, the P-38 scored its first kills of the war when the 343rd Fighter Group downed a pair of Japanese Kawanishi H6K flying boats. Through the middle of 1942, the majority of P-38 squadrons were sent to Britain as part of the Operation Bolero. Others were sent to North Africa, where they aided the Allies in gaining control of skies over the Mediterranean. Recognizing the aircraft as a formidable opponent, the Germans named the P-38 the Fork-Tailed Devil. Back in Britain, the P-38 was again utilized for its long range and it saw extensive service as a bomber escort. Despite a good combat record, the P-38 was plagued with engine issues largely due to the lower quality of European fuels. While this was resolved with the introduction of the P-38J, many fighter groups were transitioned to the new P-51 Mustang by late 1944. In the Pacific, the P-38 saw extensive service for the duration of the war and downed more Japanese aircraft than any other US Army Air Forces fighter. Though not as maneuverable as the Japanese A6M Zero, the P-38s power and speed allowed it to fight on its own terms. The aircraft also benefited from having its armament mounted in the nose as it meant that P-38 pilots could engage targets at a longer range, sometimes avoiding the need to close with Japanese aircraft. Noted US ace Major Dick Bong frequently chose to down enemy planes in this fashion, relying on the longer range of his weapons. On April 18, 1943, the aircraft flew one of its most famous missions when 16 P-38Gs were dispatched from Guadalcanal to intercept a transport carrying the Commander-in-Chief of the Japanese Combined Fleet, Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, near Bougainville. Skimming the waves to avoid detection, the P-38s succeeded in downing the admirals plane as well as three others. By the end of the war, the P-38 had downed over 1,800 Japanese aircraft, with over 100 pilots becoming aces in the process. Variants During the course of the conflict, the P-38 received a variety of updates and upgrades. The initial model to enter production, the P-38E consisted of 210 aircraft and was the first combat ready variant. Later versions of the aircraft, the P-38J and P-38L were the most widely produced at 2,970 and 3,810 aircraft respectively. Enhancements to the aircraft included improved electrical and cooling systems as well as the fitting of pylons for launching  high velocity aircraft rockets. In addition to a variety of photo reconnaissance F-4 models, Lockheed also produced a night fighter version of the Lightning dubbed the P-38M. This featured an  AN/APS-6 radar pod and a second seat in the cockpit for a radar operator.    Postwar: With the US Air Force moving into the jet age after the war, many P-38s were sold to foreign air forces. Among the nations to purchase surplus P-38s were Italy, Honduras, and China. The aircraft was also made available to the general public for the price of $1,200. In civilian life, the P-38 became a popular aircraft with air racers and stunt fliers, while the photo variants were put into use by mapping and survey companies.

An Overview of Lingua Franca and Pidgins

An Overview of Lingua Franca and Pidgins Throughout the course of geographic history, exploration and trade have caused various populations of people to come into contact with each other. Because these people were of different cultures and thus spoke different languages, communication was often difficult. Over the decades though, languages changed to reflect such interactions and groups sometimes developed lingua francas and pidgins. A lingua franca is a language used by different populations to communicate when they do not share a common language. Generally, a lingua franca is a third language that is distinct from the native language of both parties involved in the communication. Sometimes as the language becomes more widespread, the native populations of an area will speak the lingua franca to each other as well. A pidgin is a simplified version of one language that combines the vocabulary of a number of different languages. Pidgins are often just used between members of different cultures to communicate for things like trade. A pidgin is distinct from a lingua franca in that members of the same populations rarely use it to talk to one another. It is also important to note that because pidgins develop out of sporadic contact between people and is a simplification of different languages, pidgins generally have no native speakers. The Lingua Franca Arabic was another early lingua franca to develop because of the sheer size of the Islamic Empire dating back to the 7th Century. Arabic is the native language of the peoples from the Arabian Peninsula but its use spread with the empire as it expanded into China, India, parts of Central Asia, the Middle East, Northern Africa, and parts of Southern Europe. The empire’s vast size exhibits the need for a common language. Arabic also served as the lingua franca of science and diplomacy in the 1200s because, at that time, more books were written in Arabic than any other language. The use of Arabic as a lingua franca and others such as the romance languages and Chinese then continued worldwide throughout history as they made it easier for diverse groups of people in different countries to communicate. For example, until the 18th Century, Latin was the main lingua franca of European scholars as it allowed easy communication by people whose native languages included Italian and French. During the Age of Exploration, lingua francas also played an enormous role in allowing European explorers to conduct trade and other important communications in the various countries in which they went. Portuguese was the lingua franca of diplomatic and trade relations in areas like coastal Africa, portions of India, and even Japan. Other lingua francas developed during this time as well since international trade and communication was becoming an important component to nearly every area of the globe. Malay, for instance, was the lingua franca of Southeast Asia and was used by Arab and Chinese traders there prior to the arrival of the Europeans. Once they arrived, people like the Dutch and British used Malay to communicate with the native peoples. Modern Lingua Francas United Nations The Pidgin In order to create a pidgin, there needs to be regular contact between the people speaking different languages, there needs to be a reason for communication (such as trade), and there should be a lack of another easily accessible language between the two parties. In addition, pidgins have a distinct set of characteristics that make them differ from the first and second languages spoken by the pidgin developers. For example, the words used in a pidgin language lack inflections on verbs and nouns and have no true articles or words like conjunctions. In addition, very few pidgins use complex sentences. Because of this, some people characterize pidgins as broken or chaotic languages. Regardless of its seemingly chaotic nature though, several pidgins have survived for generations. These include the Nigerian Pidgin, the Cameroon Pidgin, Bislama from Vanuatu, and Tok Pisin, a pidgin from Papua, New Guinea. All of these pidgins are based mainly on English words. From time to time, long-surviving pidgins also become more widely used for communication and expand into the general population. When this happens and the pidgin is used enough to become the primary language of an area, it is no longer considered a pidgin but is instead called a creole language. An example of a creole includes Swahili, which grew out of Arabic and Bantu languages in eastern Africa. The language Bazaar Malay, spoken in Malaysia is another example. Lingua francas, pidgins, or creoles are significant to geography because each represents a long history of communication between various groups of people and is an important gauge of what was taking place at the time the language developed. Today, lingua francas especially but also pidgins represent an attempt to create universally understood languages in a world with growing global interactions.

How does Greek translate into English in Bible Essay

How does Greek translate into English in Bible - Essay Example According to dictionary definitions, the core meaning of the Greek word is weakness, feebleness and being without strength, powerless. (blueletterbible.org) The Bible uses this word astheneo very often in connection with the healing miracles of Jesus, for example when he healed lepers (Matt. 10:8), â€Å"any sick with divers diseases† (Luke 4:40), Lazarus (John 11:1-6) and the Authorised Version often uses this same word â€Å"sick† to translate them. There are some cases, however, where this same word astheneo translated with different English words. In John 5:3-4 there is mention of an â€Å"impotent man† and in John 6:2 this same astheneo is translated as â€Å"diseased.† Having seen examples of the healing miracles of Jesus, the disciples were sent out by Jesus with a dual mission: â€Å"And he sent them to preach the kingdom of God, and to heal the sick† (Luke 9:2) This gospel usage focuses on medical sickness, and the curing of disease as a de monstration of the power of Jesus. In the New Testament letters of Paul, however, the word astheneo is applied not only to physical causes, but also spiritual causes, and the most common translation here is the English word â€Å"weak†, as for example: â€Å"it (= the law) was weak through the flesh† (Romans 8:3) and â€Å"And being not weak in faith†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Romans 4:19) Paul uses astheneo to contrast the weakness of human beings with the power of God: â€Å"For we also are weak in him, but we shall live with him by the power of God.† (2 Cor. 13:4) In the next verse of the passage in the book of James the author uses a different Greek word, kamno, which has a primary meaning of â€Å"weary† and a secondary meaning â€Å"sick† (blueletterbible.org). The translation into English repeats with the same word â€Å"sick†, however: â€Å"And the prayer of the faith shall save the sick, and the Lord shall raise him up, and if he have commit ted sins, they shall be forgiven him.† (James 5:15) There are only two other New Testament examples of the word kamno and they both concentrate on the primary meaning of â€Å"weary† : â€Å"†¦lest ye be wearied and faint in your minds† (Hebrews 12:3) and â€Å"And hast borne, and hast patience, and for my name’s sake has laboured and hast not fainted.† These examples show that the New Testament uses two Greek concepts which range from purely medical disease to spiritual weakness and to weariness in maintaining actual life or spiritual life. The two terms astheneo and kamno overlap somewhat in their basic meaning and so translators do have some lee-way in choosing which of these emphases to bring out in their version. The English words â€Å"sick† or â€Å"diseased† tend to have a connotation of the physical condition of a person, while â€Å"weary† or â€Å"faint† tends to have a connotation of the mental or spiritu al condition of a person. In the Bible there is sometimes a clear distinction between these two dimensions, as for example when a person who suffers from a disease like leprosy is healed, but very often it is not clear whether a physical affliction is referred to, or a spiritual one. Looking at the letter of James it appears that the first verse echoes the gospel emphasis on physical healing. The work of Jesus wandering through the region, preaching the gospel and healing people is the inspiration for this usage. The second verse, which stresses the weariness aspect of kamno, leans on the emphasis of Paul, however. The connection between sin and sickness is much stronger, and the healing power of Jesus is shown as