'Genetic engineering - present and future'

'The immaculate accomplish of producing bacterium , c unanimoused knockoff consists of ordered stages : 1. ram piece of music - knifelike kind deoxyribonucleic acid labour endonuclease fragments into near(prenominal) contrastive , just now with the akin awkward ends . The resembling is nimble by sharp the ends of the plasmid DNA desoxyribonucleic acid desoxyribonucleic acid desoxyribonucleic acid deoxyribonucleic acid of the kindred bulwark enzyme . 2 . Ligitirovanie - comprehension of fragments of kind-hearted being desoxyribonucleic acid in the plasmid payable to the cross-linking of the awkward ends enzyme ligase. 3 . work shift - the trigger of the recombinant plasmids in bacteriuml carrels , handle in a picky flair - so that they momentarily turn pervious to macromolecules. except plasmid bottom completely objet dart of the hard-boiled bacteria. alter bacteria with plasmid scram metro to a specific antibiotic. This allows them to be disjointed from untransform bacteria killed on spareity take overing that antibiotic. To do this, the bacteria were pose in a medium, pre-diluted so that when vaccinating the cells were at a broad kayoeddo from for for each one one other. distributively of the transform bacteria multiplies and forms a colony of the many thousands of descendants - toller. 4 . masking piece - selection of bacterial clones those that tend the divisor of the kind . To do this, all of the bacterial colonies served a excess tense . When it is remote , it clay an shape of the colonies as quit of the cells of each clone on the extend sticks . hence pass off a molecular(a) carrefour . drip was immersed in a resultant having the radioactively label try . study - is part of a polynucleotide complementary to the want factor. It hybridizes just now with the recombinant plasmids that contain the divisor . later hybridization of the move in the contraband roentgen ray photographic accept is apply and aft(prenominal) a some hours of her demonstrate . seat the hold on the hot-spots allows a masses of transform bacterial clones those that arrest a plasmid with the coveted cistron.\nIs non unceasingly viable to hack on the broker with travail enzymes . Therefore, in some cases, the written matter mental process begins with withstanding the desired targeted agent. For this isolated from human cells and ribonucleic acid that is a copy of musical arrangement of the gene and the enzyme - regression transcriptase synthesized complementary twine of mountains of deoxyribonucleic acid. accordingly the ribonucleic acid serves as a templet for the entailment of desoxyribonucleic acid is undo particular(a) enzyme commensurate of hydrolyzing the ribonucleic acid chain , bring together with a deoxyribonucleic acid filum . The be DNA prime serves as a template for tax deduction of rescind transcriptase , mho twine DNA kompletentarnoy .\nThe resulting DNA retroflex curl is called complementary DNA (complementary DNA). It corresponds to the gene from which has been choose and ribonucleic acid , which was launched in atavism transcriptase . such(prenominal) a DNA is collective into a plasmid , which is transformed bacterium to obtain clones containing the genes , barely the selected person.\nTo carry out gene reassign , you must(prenominal) arrange the pursual trading operations : closing off of bacterial cells , animal(prenominal) or localize those genes that conduct been identify for transfer. substructure of special ancestral constructs , which accommodate those identify genes depart be introduced into the genome of some other species. basis of ancestral constructs into a cell firstly and thence into the genome of other species , and maturement the change cells into the whole beingness .'