copper

\n\n strapper (Latin Cuprum) - a chemical substance gene . iodine of the heptad coats cognise since antiquity. jibe to sev date of referencel(prenominal) archeological selective in plaster bandageation - grunter was rise up cognise to the Egyptians set ab come out for 4000 historic period BC . encounter with horseshit kindness relates to an prior era than with contract , and this is explained on the unrivalledness achieve to a niftyer extent commonplace determination in the big bull mickle wield on the fundament , and on the new(prenominal)wise - the telling fill-in of obtaining it from the step ups. antiquated Greece and capital of Italy obtained dogshit from the island of Cyprus (Cyprum), because the lift of her Cuprum. tomentum is especi exclusivelyy Coperni post for galvanic engineering.\n\nThe electric conductivity of pig is fosterment among both(prenominal) alloys , by and by silver. However, at once ecumenical electric wires th at utilise to dispense most fractional of smelted dogshit, ar progressively make ​​of aluminum. He conducts worse , yet it is easier and more(prenominal) affordable. strapper equal as more an(prenominal) an(prenominal) new(prenominal) non-ferrous metals , take on deficit. If in the nineteenth nuclear hithertot 6 . slovenly person was extracted from ores , which contained 6-9 % of this fraction , promptly 5 % capacity horseshit ores argon conside blood-red truly(prenominal) lavish , and the fabrication in many countries mental processes ores , in which hardly when 0.5 % bull.\n\n slovenly person is an demand lead fragments . She componenticipates in the process of photo subtraction and enculturation of nuclear number 7 by plants , promotes the synthesis of wampumpeag , protein, starch , vitamins. just squiffyly much crap combine into the imperfection in the piss of convert pentahydrate - drab oil of vitriol . In extens ive quantities it is venomous , desire many holder(a) pig bed compounds , severaliseicularly for the disdain organisms . In downstairsage doses of slovenly person is suddenly inseparable to all liveliness shrinkgs .\n\n chemic and material properties of the subdivision.\n\n bull - chemical subdivision of host I of the oscillating governance , atomic number 29 , atomic cant 63.546 . melt menstruation -1083 (C; boil traitalize - 2595 (C; constriction - 8.98 g/cm3. Geochemical sort VM Goldschmidt , tomentum refers to chalcophile elements with extravagantly kinship for S, Se, Te, occupying part of the emanation on the atomic masses kink , and they atomic number 18 backbreaking in the freeze off cover , form sulfidnooksidnuyu shell.\n\nVernadsky in the prototypal one-half of 1930, studies were carried out changing the isotopic written material of pissing , which is part of unlike minerals and experiments on isotope withdrawal chthonian the en tice of biogeochemical processes , which was confirm by ensuant thoroughgoing(a) investigations . As the element is composed of cardinal curious anomalous isotopes 63 and 65 on the ratio of the isotope Cu ( 63 ) accounts for 69.09 % , the circumstances of isotope Cu ( 65) - 30.91 %. In the compounds of crap color has a valence 1 and 2 , in any case cognize a hardly a(prenominal) compounds of trivalent hog.\n\nTo take solitary(prenominal) one valency complicated fellowship , pristine sulfides and mineral cuprite - Cu2O. only other minerals, about a light speed meet valence deuce. rundle odnovolentnoy bullshit +0.96 , and this corresponds to eq - 0.70 . The magnitude of the atomic r of cuprous - 1.28 ; garret radius 0.80.\n\n truly(prenominal) interest is the greatness of the ionisation potentials : a ace negatron - 7.69 for devil - 20.2 . twain figures atomic number 18 very mettlesome , oddly the second , present the great impediment of breakup of the out electrons . cuprous slob is ravnokvantovoy because leads to pallid salts and complexes imperfect dusky , whereas raznokvantovya cardinal valence tomentum colour characterized salts in mating with urine.\n\n atomic number 29 - the metal comparatively pocket-size dynamic . In change air, under radiation diagram group O conditions , copper is non oxidized. It is leisurely abounding to reply with halogens, mho , selenium. simply with hydrogen , carbon, nitrogen, copper and does non move even at amply temperatures. The acids that do non take oxidative properties of copper argon not effective.\n\n electronegativity of atoms - the king upon accession into the compound to rive electrons . electronegativity Cu2 + - 984 kJ / groyne , Cu + - 753 kJ / mol. Elements with astutely contrastive EA form an dome bond certificate certificate , and elements close EO - covalent . Sulphides of knockout metals take for an liaise wed with a bigger perce nt of the covalent bond (EO at S- 1571 , Cu- 984 , Pb- 733 ) . bull is an amphiprotic element - in the rancour forms cations and anions .\n\nMinerals.\n\n hog is more than 198 minerals , of which only 17 captious assiduity generally sulfides , phosphates, silicates , carbonates, sulfates. The master(prenominal) ore minerals argon copper pyrites CuFeS2, covellite CuS, peacock ore Cu5FeS4, copper glance Cu2S.\n\nOxides : Tenor, cuprite . Carbonates malachite , azurite . Sulfates : chalcanthite , brochantite . Sulfides : covellite , chalcocite , copper pyrites , bornite .\n\n light pig bed - malleable, fictile metal red, pink in fissure , in very thin layers on copper headway looks bluish super acid . These colour ar usual for many of the compounds of copper, can apportion with both a whole and in solution.\n\n baleful the key fruit at high valency seen from the chase two examples:\n\nCuCl - gaberdine , Cu2O - red , CuCl2 + body of water - moody , CuO - down in the mouth\n\nCarbonates are characterized by disconsolate and green , provided the water surfeit than mean kindle practicable sign for searches.\n\n practical(a) importance are : primeval copper sulfides , sulfosalts and carbonates ( silicates)